Left, Sphinx SDP. Right, SIG P6. Note the smaller purchase on the SDP slide.

Because some of the slide is covered by the frame, there is less purchase available for manipulation, and this is amplified by the strong recoil spring. One can feel two distinct stages in cycling the SDP: the first 15mm is relatively easy, but the rest takes more strength. While the author had no trouble cycling the slide, two female testers found it nearly impossible despite the respectable slide serrations. This could present a challenge in performing a traditional chamber check where the slide is slightly withdrawn so brass can be clearly seen or felt. Instead, the SDP features two loaded chamber indications: a bump on the external extractor standing out of the slide and a 1mm gap between the slide and right side of the barrel where brass can be seen. The SDP may benefit from “charging supports” similar to that found on the HK VP9, and a straight edged rear sight to assist in one-handed manipulation.


The SDP barrel showcases how Sphinx evolved the CZ 75 design. It shares the enclosed cam track that unlocks the breech via the slide release lever pin from the CZ 75 design, which itself is derived from John Browning’s 1911/Hi-Power. But having the barrel hood locking up against the ejection port follows the practices of current designs such as SIG and Glock, whereas the CZ 75 utilizes the John Browning design (also seen in the 1911/Hi-Power) where cams on the barrel lock into recesses in the slide. In addition, the SDP features polygonal rifling that the author found to ease the cleaning process. Happily, the very tight barrel to slide fit of the CZ 75 is continued in the SDP, no doubt promoting consistency. It is noteworthy that CZ evolved their design down a different path in the P07; like a SIG P-series, it features an open cam track, lockup via barrel hood and ejection port, and traditional rifling. In addition, the P07 features an entirely polymer frame and the slide rides in two steel inserts embedded in the polymer, similar to the current Glock or HK designs.

Sphinx SDP

SDP barrel features good chamber support, though it is marginally less than that found on the P6. The feed ramp on the SDP is polished and is entirely on the barrel. The P6 feed ramp is partly on the barrel and partly on the steel locking insert. Using ball and hollow-point, hand-loaded and factory ammunition, both pistols functioned reliably and produced no bulged cases.


Bore axis is defined as the distance between the bore and web of the shooting hand, representing the moment between the recoil force and the rotation point. It stands to reason that lower bore axis generates less muzzle flip. While the SIG P6 has a marginally higher bore axis than the SDP, the author actually found better split times with the P6, though this can be attributed to his familiarity with the SIG.


The SDP field strips the same way as the CZ 75. The slide is moved slightly back until the hash marks line up on the slide and frame, and then the slide release pin is pushed out and removed. The slide is then free to move forward off the frame, the captured recoil spring withdrawn from the slide, and the barrel removed for cleaning. This is similar to the 1911 and Hi-Power designs, but those pistols require the slide to be drawn further back and while the safety lever holds the slide in place, the slide release is withdrawn. In comparison, the P6 strips much more easily with the slide release holding open the slide and the take down lever rotating 90 degrees before the slide can be withdrawn from the frame. While both female testers had some trouble holding the SDP slide open and pushing out the slide release lever pin, neither had much trouble field stripping the P6. The captured recoil spring of the SDP, in contrast to the P6, is a nice touch to avoid launching parts across the room.

Both field strips similarly, but the P6 is easier to strip.

Unlike Beretta/HK/CZ P07, the SDP decocker does not slam the hammer (driven by the hammer spring) onto the firing pin block or half notch intercept. Like the P6, depressing the decocker unlocks the hammer and releasing the decocker lowers the hammer. The SDP decocker cams-over at the halfway point and the hammer reach the half notch intercept with some vigor. In that respect, it is closer to the SIG SP2022 than the classic P-series. The SDP decocker has a small shelf that aids in lowering the profile of the pistol, but the author found it difficult to use with one finger. Instead, he prefers to actuate the lever with both the thumb and shooting finger on both sides
of the frame.


The author favors DA/SA hammer fired pistols for safety and the ability to thumb cock for an accurate first shot (versus a striker design like the P99AS). Unfortunately, the abbreviated hammer of the SDP is difficult to manipulate because of reduced surface area. Also of note is that once fired, the hammer rests flush against the slide and cannot be manually drawn back. This could hamper the clearing of a dud round where one must overcome both the hammer and recoil springs to extract the faulty round. A workaround would be to pull the trigger slightly until an audible click is heard, in order to put the hammer in the half notch intercept position, then use the thumb to fully cock the hammer. In contrast, the P6 hammer returns to the half notch intercept after firing and can be manipulated to relieve the hammer spring pressure before extraction. The author would like to see Sphinx releasing a full sized hammer to address these concerns.


The slide release is located in the same place as the 1911/Hi-Power/CZ 75, and is more easily reached by the supporting-hand than shooting-hand thumb. Because the slide release must be removed for field stripping, it cannot be ambidextrous or reversible; left handed shooters must utilize the sling-shot method for releasing the slide. Given the author primarily uses a SIG, he did find it somewhat slower to wait for the support hand to release the slide rather than releasing it with the shooting hand thumb right when the magazine seats, but that can be mitigated through training. Like the decocker, the slide release has a small shelf that the author found difficult to actuate quickly, and both female testers resorted to the sling shot method.

SDP tactile loaded chamber indication. The ridge on the extractor stands proud of the slide.

The SDP is equipped with a rubber recoil buffer to soften the firing impulse and promote durability. Post-WWII Walther P38 and early P1 utilized an aluminum frame to reduce weight, but experienced frame cracking from the impact of the steel slide. Improved P1 addressed this with a wider slide to reduce slide velocity, and a steel pin in the frame to absorb the impact. SIG P6 evolved that concept so that the steel locking block serves to both absorb the slide impact and to cam the barrel down and unlock the breech. Like the HK P9S, SDP features a rubber-like buffer that is separate from the recoil spring and softens the blow.


The SDP upper frame comprises of the aluminum chassis containing the full length rail and fire control components, and a polymer lower frame that forms the grip. The two parts are attached via screws under the front of the trigger guard, near the magazine release, and presumably in the rear near the hammer spring. The author found the two parts solidly and seamlessly attached. The Alpha line utilizes a polymer grip, other lines (e.g. Krypton, Sand) utilize an aluminum lower frame, and the Stainless Steel line uses stainless steel for both parts of the frame. The user-changeable polymer grip panel, while soft and lacking aggressive checkering or stippling, does not slip when wet and is very comfortable. When changing the grip, the user must take care to align the rails on the lower frame to the troughs in the grip, and lightly pinch the grip to seat it. Failure to do so would result in some flex on the sides. The author found these grips vastly superior to the hard plastic checkered grips of the P6.


The SDP features a comfortable beavertail like that found on the P229 Elite. However, the author believes slide/hammer bite is not a great danger and the beavertail merely adds a printing factor when carrying concealed.

P6 has marginally more chamber support. Both have similar barrel length.

Finally, the frame over slide design means plenty of places to rest the support hand thumb when using a thumbs forward grip. In fact, the author found the lettering “SPHINX, MADE IN SWITZERLAND” a good tactile index for the thumb.


Shooting Impressions


SDP rear sight is a plain black U-notch type typically found on target pistols, and it features fine serrations to cut down glare. The channel between the “U” is marginally wider than the P6 or Glock 17, presumably to allow faster sight alignment in the absence of “3-dot” or “bar-dot” arrangement. In practice, the author did not experience increased lateral dispersion. However, he favors the “bar-dot” arrangement typically found on German made SIGs and would love to see such an option for the SDP.


Testing was performed with factory 115gr Winchester “White Box” ammunition, and hand-loaded 147gr 0.356” round-nose plated projectile from Xtreme placed atop 3.2gr of Red Dot powder and a CCI #500 primer (the author makes no claim on safety or performance of this load). As an aside, the author shot both loads in a dim indoor range and noticed the 115gr produced more muzzle blast and flash even in the longer barreled Glock 17. The 147gr also generated a softer recoil impulse and impacted higher than the 115gr.


The author found the SDP to require a “cover-the-target” hold familiar to SIG users. At 5yd, 147gr point-of-impact is about 4cm lower than the top of the front sight and roughly matches the white dot painted on the front sight. It appears the front sight, being screwed into a lengthwise slot, can be replaced without changing windage. Sphinx should consider shipping the pistol with an additional, lower, front sight for those preferring a “6 o’clock” hold.

SDP visual loaded chamber indication. Brass is visible between the slide and barrel.

While the SDP double action trigger did not initially feel as smooth as the worn-in P6, it improved quickly and the author expects it to wear well. With the original, heavy, hammer spring in the P6, the author registered low hits in double action because the trigger finger pulled the nose low; this was alleviated by substituting a lighter P225 spring. The author experienced the same problem with the heavy double action trigger of the SDP, and is looking forward to having a lighter hammer spring.


The SDP single action trigger, just like the P6, can be best described as a “rolling trigger” rather than a “glass rod trigger” typically found in tuned 1911s or match rifles. There is a long “take-up” inherent in DA/SA design before hitting a well-defined “wall.” Amounting to about 1mm when measured at the tip of the trigger, the creep is evident only when one is consciously trying to feel it. Similarly, a Glock trigger can feel stiff and bumpy when shooting bullseye, but that feeling goes unnoticed when shooting fast. The SDP trigger does not stack before the shot breaks. The author prefers a “rolling trigger” because it reinforces a smooth stroke, rather than a sudden jerk that results from trying to time a shot. The author also notes that the trigger at rest contacts the frame and wears it down to bare aluminum after only 200 rounds.


The SDP trigger reset feels average like the P6, but its strong trigger return spring distinguishes it. The author does not ride the trigger reset, but prefers to release the trigger fairly far forward before “prepping” it for the next shot. The author appreciates how the strong trigger return spring propels the finger forward and gives positive feedback.


The author conducted an informal test by shooting the SDP and P6 as fast as possible at 5yards while keeping the groups within 3inches. The aforementioned 147gr hand-loaded ammunition was used. For an eight shot string, the SDP split time averaged 0.71secs, and the P6 averaged 0.65secs. The author felt that the P6 had more muzzle flip, but his familiarity with the firearm allowed for faster recovery. In addition, the author needed additional time to align the sights of the SDP while the bar-dot arrangement of the P6 felt more intuitive.

The SDP has more places for the support hand thumb and feels more comfortable.

Final Thoughts


The Sphinx SDP has excellent fit and finish and is both accurate and reliable, just like the SIG P6. While the SDP has superior ergonomics for a typical user, it falls short on ease of manipulation across demographics: both female testers had trouble cycling the slide and actuating levers. This gives pause to selecting the SDP as a defensive firearm for those typically with lower hand strength such as females or the elderly. If designated as a home defense tool, it is advisable to ensure the entire family can manipulate the firearm.


Considering the CZ SP01 and P07 are about half the price of an SDP, prospective buyers would be well advised to handle and shoot each to ascertain if the SDP is worth the premium.


The author would like to see the following as improvements or options:


1. Add charging support similar to those found on the VP9
2. Rear sight with perpendicular leading edge for one-handed manipulation
3. Bar-Dot sight setup with a narrower rear sight channel
4. Include additional front sight from factory that would give a 6 o’clock hold
5. Full hammer
6. No beaver tail
7. Lighter hammer spring

The sights are secured by Allen screws, and it seems windage will not be affected by front sight replacement. Also note the small shelves on the levers keep the profile slim.

Aft of the screw is the recoil buffer.

Manually cocking both hammers. SDP (bottom) has significantly less purchase than the P6 (top).

Profile of medium grip.

The trigger at rest contacts the frame, and at about 200 rounds, that contact has worn thru the finish into bare aluminum. Also note the depression at the bottom of the grip to allow manual extraction of the magazine if it does not drop free.

Top, fired. Bottom, decocked. Note the hashmarks that are lined up for disassembly.

An interesting video was released by the Ukraine Military TV YouTube channel (http://youtu.be/PA34D9AVN30). The video shows pro-Russian separatists being captured by Ukrainian forces, and documents the man-portable air defense system (MANPADS) allegedly seized with these combatants. It shows a Polish-made PPZR (Przenosny Przeciwlotniczy Zestaw Rakietowy; portable anti-aircraft missile system – sometimes written simply “PZR”) Grom MANPADS.

The Grom (Polish for “thunder”, and sometimes stylized “GROM”) is a Polish-designed MANPADS drawing its design cues from the Soviet 9K38 Igla (NATO reporting name: SA-18). It is widely believed that Polish agents were able to purchase the original plans for the 9K38 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Work on the Grom began in 1992 and was conducted at several state-controlled design bureaus in Poland. Whilst the capabilities of early Grom missiles were largely identical to the 9K38, the system has continued to improve and later models are more advanced. The Grom continues to be offered for export by MESKO S.A., part of the BUMAR holding group.

Markings on a PPZR Grom MANPADS missile tube in Ukraine. (Ukraine Military TV YouTube channel)

The example shown in the video is fitted with a Russian-made 9P516 gripstock (without IFF; the IFF version is designated 9P516-1), designed for the 9K38. Whilst ARES has not seen Russian or Polish sources that explicitly state that the 9P516 gripstock is compatible with Grom missiles, it would not be surprising to learn as much, given their shared origins. The battery coolant units (BCUs) in the video may also be of Russian origin.

Markings on the missile launch tube indicate that it was produced in 2007. Interestingly, one of the few known foreign exports of the Grom was to Georgia, who is believed to have purchased 30 launchers and 100 missiles in 2007. Russian forces are known to have captured some of these, and Poland later accused Russia of planting materiel from this contract in Chechnya for political reasons. Whilst far from concrete evidence of supply, it is interesting that missiles from the same year as those ordered by Georgia and captured by Russian forces should turn up in the hands of pro-Russian separatists, fitted with Russian produced gripstocks. Of course, it is also possible that such systems were exported to other parties in the region. ARES will be sending an official tracing request to the Polish and Russian governments, as well as the manufacturers of the missile tube and gripstock.

PPZR Grom MANPADS advertising flyer. Note different design in gripstocks. (MESKO S.A.)

Special thanks to Eliot Higgins for the link, and a technical specialist who wishes to remain anonymous.

(This article is reproduced courtesy of Armament Research Services (ARES) – www.armamentresearch.com and was originally published May 20, 2014)

Unknown handgun #2. (Original source unknown)

The shared name of these weapons, inscribed on the slide, is ‘TACTICAL-HULK PT11-PRO’, accompanied by the inscription ‘?????? ????NYATE’. This appears to use a combination of Cyrillic and Latin alphabet letters, and may be a poor attempt to approximate foreign markings. Handgun #2 appears to be visually similar to a blank firing model produced by Aral Weapons Ind. Co. of Turkey. It may be that the ‘TACTICAL-HULK’ range are based on different converted blank firing weapons.


Markings indicate the weapons are chambered for 7.65x17mmSR (.32 ACP), a rather weak handgun calibre, especially when fired from the short barrels seen in these models. The fit and finish does not seem much better than many of the blank firing weapons produced in Turkey, particularly on Handgun #3. The slide markings seen on Handguns #1 and #2 may indicate production in 2012. The presence of a serial number, printed on a metal plate and exposed through a cut-out in the frame, belies a relatively sophisticated and expensive manufacturing process, and likely indicates that the weapons are intended to be sold in a jurisdiction requiring externally visible serial numbering.


The relationship between the design of Handgun #1 and #2 is unclear, but given the existence of the Zoraki, it would seem to represent an evolution of that basic design, or an attempt by another to capitalize on the name and reputation of the Zoraki. The name ‘PT-11 PRO’ recalls Taurus or Kel-Tec, but neither version owes anything to either of those designs. This appropriation of legitimate firearm branding on dissimilar types is reminiscent of the products of illicit Croatian factories, though we have no evidence to confirm the nationality of these designs beyond Libyan source claims of Balkan origins. The weapons may equally be of Turkish origin.

Unknown handgun #3. (The Libyan Firearms Market’ Facebook page)

The third pistol shares design cues with, and is apparently a full-size companion to Handgun #2. They both possess a chunky polymer frame styling, a distinctive grip texture, and the same characteristic circular designs on the dust-cover. Handgun 3 also has matching circular cut-outs on the slide itself, and an unusual control mounted on the left side dust-cover, likely a take-down lever. It was being offered for sale on The Libyan Firearms Market for 4,800 Libyan Dinars (LYD), or approximately $3,900 USD.
(Thanks to Alexander Diehl, N.R. Jenzen-Jones, Hassan Morajea, and Paul William for their input.)


This article is reproduced courtesy of Armament Research Services (ARES) – www.armamentresearch.com and was originally published February 19, 2014

Another version of Handgun #3, this model was being offered for sale on The Libyan Firearms Market for $2,800 LYD, or approximately $2,275 USD. (The Libyan Firearms Market’ Facebook page (??? ??????? ??????? ??????))

Unknown Handgun #2. (Original source unknown)

Unknown handgun #1. (Original source unknown)

There can be little debate over the excess of AR style rifles currently flooding the marketplace – it is definitely the heyday of the AR platform. With so many manufacturers offering so many styles of AR rifles it is inevitable that different classifications of ARs would emerge to help distinguish intended roles. The CMMG Mk 4 RCE rifle evaluated herein is an excellent example of this trend. The RCE is CMMG’s version of a “Recce” or Recon AR.

Most attribute the Recon AR concept to the U.S. Navy SEALs dating back prior to the 9/11 attacks. The SEAL’s objective with the Recon AR was to give sniper/observer teams a support weapon with greater range, lethality and precision than the issue M4 carbine. The Recon AR is often confused with the SPR (Special Purpose Rifle) AR. The SPR began initially as an upper receiver upgrade to issue M16 rifles turning them into designated marksman or precision rifles with suppressor use the norm. In fact, SPR originally stood for Special Purpose Receiver before a complete SPR class of ARs emerged. The Recon AR is lighter than the SPR and more likely to be used for a variety of missions besides just precision interdiction most associated with SPR type ARs.

The CMMG RCE’s 14 inch KeyMod forend rail dominates its aesthetics. BUIS iron sights and a Weaver Tactical scope were easily installed. Magpul CTR buttstock and pistol grip comprised the other furniture aspects.

As is prone to happen, civilians quickly recognized and copied the Recon’s attributes. For civilians, the Recon AR was viewed as a multi-purpose ubiquitous weapon with a flat-top upper receiver for easy mounting of a variety of optics and 16-18 inch free-floated medium profile barrel with 1:7 or 1:8 twist surrounded by a forend rail system. One key Recon aspect is to minimize weight and keep the weapon’s profile sleek for better handling while offering superior accuracy and longer range terminal performance than shorter barreled ARs. Recon type ARs are required to be equally at home in CQB encounters characterized by multiple rounds fired rapidly with distances measured in feet while still offering precision fire out to 350-400 yards.

It is nice to witness a company and its products evolve over time. The CMMG Mk 4 RCE AR is a great example of this. Nearly twelve years ago, CMMG was established as a family owned business and remains so today. CMMG quickly made a name for itself as a respected builder of AR rifles and their models span the gamut of price and mission set up. One of the distinguishing CMMG practices is that every part used in their rifles are all 100% USA made, either manufacturing its own components or has them created to their own specifications. An example of this are the barrels used that start as blanks with CMMG taking them from there. All CMMG rifles are assembled in house.

The specific AR model evaluated for this article is the recently introduced Mk 4 RCE chambered in 5.56mm. It is one of the lighter AR versions on the market, especially considering that it features a full length rail, and weighs less than 7 pounds. A minimalist CMMG RKM KeyMod rail design measuring 14 inches defines the CMMG RCE’s aesthetics. The CMMG RKM rail system permits the barrel to be free floated. Not all weapons need rails and an array of accessories to be considered viable. While reliability should never be compromised in terms of cost/performance ratios, other items considered a must for some may not be high priority or worth it for others. KISS (Keep it Simple Stupid) methodology can pay dividends in terms of budget and allowing for concentration on other priorities such as training for example. The CMMG RCE shows versatility in satisfying customer needs by not using full length quad rails, but instead a lower profile handguard with adjustable KeyMod Picatinny rail sections. The minimalist approach for rails still allows plenty of room for VFG, bipod and lights/lasers if so needed.

The well balanced CMMG RCE keeps the muzzle on target even when rapidly fired shots are sent downrange. The CMMG SV muzzle device is part of the equation in this aspect as well.

Unlike many competitors, CMMG lists all the specifications for the components used in their different model ARs making gathering details on the RCE for this article as simple as looking at their website. The RCE’s 16 inch 1:7 twist 416 matte stainless steel medium barrel features M4 style feed ramps and employs a mid-length gas system with the direct impingement. CMMG’s own SV muzzle device is threaded on the barrel. The CMMG RCE is built upon forged 7075-T6 upper and lower receivers, with the upper featuring a full length rail that transitions into the rail along the top of the RKM rail. The upper is equipped with a standard forward assist and case deflector as well as an ejection port dust cover. Iron sights are not included giving the user the opportunity to install their own choice of BUIS (Back Up Iron Sights). A Magpul MOE trigger guard and pistol grip is used as is a Magpul CTR collapsible buttstock fitted over a mil-spec buffer tube. CMMG decided to upgrade the RCE’s trigger by installing a Geissele SSA. With accuracy an important part of the RCE’s mission statement, this is an important attention to detail. Overall length of the RCE is 36 inches with stock extended and 32.75 inches collapsed.

As mentioned earlier, short KeyMod sections of rail can be moved as desired to numerous positions around the hand guard, removed, or more sections added, depending upon the user’s preference. The KeyMod sections are readily available for purchase from a variety of sources. The KeyMod rail was designed by VLTOR and now open sourced to the industry. The KeyMod rail design is going to bring about a new generation of accessory mounts and furniture that connects directly to the hand guard instead of needing a rail surface to clamp onto. All of this keeps the overall rifle package lighter and more compact. The KeyMod system consists of two parts; the KeyMod slot and the KeyMod nut. The slot is distinctive with a larger diameter through-hole combined with a narrow slot. The slot is chamfered on the backside while the through hole is sized for clearance of a quick-detach sling swivel. The angled face created is meant to interface with the chamfer on the backside of the KeyMod slot. The full diameter is left intact to create two flats on the nut that align the nut to the slot, and allow it to be indexed to the accessory as well as to the KeyMod slot. The spacing of the holes is critical and is based on Mil-Std 1913 spacing to allow the greatest modularity with existing accessories. The combination of the angled interface of the nut to the KeyMod slot and the recoil lug to the through hole make for a very strong attachment point which will not slip under harsh recoil or counter recoil. It also provides for an excellent return-to-zero when removed and re-installed. KeyMod rail accessories include Picatinny rail sections, hand stops, vertical forward grips, bipod interface, light mounts, sling mounts etc.

Extreme Beam Tactical light mounted easily to the KeyMod forend via Picatinny rail section.

CMMG’s thought process for the RCE was to create a lightweight, simple to operate AR rifle similar to Eugene Stoner’s original direct impingement concept for the AR. This counter-intuitive approach involves maximizing the AR’s effectiveness and potential by simplifying it away from current trends of 10 pound quad rail rifles festooned with lights, lasers, designators, night vision optics, etc. The RCE utilizes AR improvements as long as items contribute to effectiveness. The fact that short sections of Picatinny rails are mountable on the KeyMod handguard gives a nod to realism that high intensity flashlights serve a role and have a place on a fighting rifle. An Extreme Beam SX21R Ballistic tactical light was affixed to a KeyMod section on the left side of the forend via a 1 inch Weaver style scope ring. The Extreme Beam SX21R offers 220 Lumens of light in a recoil resistance body weighing only 5.58 ounces. A pressure sensitive switch is available, but was not used as it is a simple matter to active the switch via thumb. The military and better equipped federal agencies have gone away from tactical lights due to use of night vision; however, the tactical light still has a place in the tactical realm, especially for civilians and law enforcement.

A Weaver Tactical 1-5x with Illuminated MDR Reticle was used with the CMMG RCE. The Weaver Tactical 1-5x is designed for instinctive, close-range/low-magnification situations with variable intensity red or green illuminated reticle, yet allow shooters to engage targets with greater precision at longer ranges thanks to the 5x. The Weaver Tactical 1-5x scope will strike many as unconventional in terms of commonly associated optics on a military style rifle. However, for law enforcement, civilian or private security contractor it is worth consideration as it supplements the CMMG RCE’s performance flexibility. The RCE mated to variable power Weaver optic is able to handle diverse roles whether close range engagements or further engagements per the Recon/Recce job description. The concern for operating the magnified Weaver Tactical in a CQB environment is quelled once one becomes familiar with the Bindon aiming concept. Human vision is based upon a binocular (two eyes) presentation of visual evidence to the brain. The addition of a bright red or green dot in the center of the cross-hairs makes it very easy to keep both eyes open, especially at 1x power setting. Even if using a higher power setting the brain merges the two images. During dynamic movement, the scene through the telescope blurs because the image moves more rapidly due to magnification. The one eye sees the bright dot against the blurred target scene, so the brain picks the scene from the unaided eye. The shooter swings the weapon towards the target while perceiving the dot indicating where the weapon is pointed. As soon as the weapon begins to become steady in the target area, the brain switches to the magnified view.

Ammunition tested with the CMMG RCE was a combination of Black Hills Ammunition loads, multiple Hornady TAP loads, and Federal offerings with an emphasis on premium heavier 5.56mm/.223Rem. loads. This was a nod to requirement of better long range performance as defined in the Recon’s mission statement. Federal 55 grain and 62 grain FMJ was used during CQB type drills; an affirmation to basic economics in terms of ammunition costs. The CMMG RCE rifle kept all loads tested at 1.5 inches at 100 yards with Black Hills 77 grain OTM, Federal Premium Match 69 grain, and Hornady 75 grain Match producing sub-MOA groups. This accuracy was obtained with the 5x setting on the Weaver Tactical scope. The CMMG RCE produces accuracy that fully supports the Recon/Recce’s defined role. Accuracy test protocol consisted of three five-shot groups with each ammunition type; group sizes were averaged. Velocity figures ranged from 2,600 to 2,800 feet per second over a RCBS chronograph.

Not all weapons need rails and an array of accessories to be considered viable. A light weight, fast handling rifle such as the CMMG RCE is a premium when having to react to a threat.

The CMMG RCE was evaluated at Echo Valley Training Center (EVTC). The layout and availability of various steel targets and simulated barricades at Echo Valley Training Center are convenient for allowing full spectrum firearm evaluations. The RCE was used within the 100 yard bays at EVTC firing from barricades and engaging multiple targets, prepared firing position line with targets placed out to 300 yards, 360 Range, and EVTC’s Jungle Walk range. Numerous drills were run involving magazine changes and moving between barricades simulating cover. Steel silhouettes were situated randomly from 20 to 110 yards. The CMMG RCE made short work of striking targets in quick fashion. Targets were engaged five times each starting from the standing, moving to another locating, five more rounds from kneeling, and finally moving yet again and transitioning to the prone with five more rounds reloading as necessary. The rifle was then fired supported via bipod or pack and proved just as efficient against a fluid drained automobile located at EVTC with steel popper targets located inside the cab. A High Speed Gear (HSG) patrol belt configured with their “Taco” magazine pouches was used to support the RCE. The HSG magazine pouches do not compromise retention for the sake of convenience.

ARs can be had in everything from piston-driven varieties, multiple calibers, pistol configurations, flattops, and various barrel lengths. The inherent modularity of the AR is its greatest attribute for adapting to individual preference; whether it is for competition, target shooting, military and law enforcement, or personal defense. This same adaptability can also lead individuals astray as to what is necessary versus desired in setting up a defensive rifle. Not all weapons need rails festooned with an array of accessories to be considered viable. The ability to mount infrared laser designators, night vision devices, or other sorts of tactical hardware is not something most of us require in a fighting rifle.

The AR platform seems to be coming full circle in terms of returning to a sleeker more svelte form. The Recon/Recce AR as epitomized by the CMMG RCE is an excellent example of this. The benefit of the CMMG RCE’s lighter weight, yet superior accuracy, is hard to deny. A light weight, fast handling accurate rifle is a premium when moving dynamically during training evolutions and the CMMG RCE represents such a rifle.

The CMMG RCE is a direct impingement Recce/Recon type AR.

SITES OF INTEREST

CMMG
www.cmmginc.com

Echo Valley Training Center
www.echovalleytrainingcenter.com

Weaver Optics
www.weaveroptics.com

Weaver Tactical 1-5x optic was mounted with a Weaver scope base on the flattop RCE upper. The CMMG AR was evaluated with multiple ammunition types with an emphasis on heavier 5.56mm loads. The Federal American Eagle 62 grain Fresh Fire Packs are relatively new on the market.

The CMMG RCE displayed a high degree of accuracy giving it the capability to perform at longer distances if needed to be deployed as a DMR.

A High Speed Patrol Belt affixed with their TACO magazine pouches supported evaluation of the CMMG RCE.

The CMMG RCE was used within the 100 yard bays at EVTC engaging multiple targets.

The Nordic Ammunition Company, or Nammo, is a familiar name in the defense industry, and their products are well known to the insiders- but might be unfamiliar to some end users. Try to recall the name of any air-to-air missile you’ve seen in the field or heard named in a movie and the common answers are the likes of “Sidewinder” or “AMRAAM.” Nammo is behind those – they make the propulsion systems. Ever hear of the M72 LAW? Nammo makes that. Nammo makes top secret hyper-velocity rocket propulsion systems and orbital launch vehicles for satellite delivery. Nammo makes large caliber ammunition for military applications, from the .50 BMG up to the 120mm tank gun and even artillery shells larger than that. Nammo knows ammunition.

It should be our privilege then to have Nammo’s expertise and skill made available to the “smaller” market. Nammo has long been invested in the manufacture of small arms ammunition. Their offering to the market includes ammunition for the industry professional as well as the citizen and sportsman.

.22 Long rifle, 9mm luger, .222 Remington, 5.56 NATO, 7.62×39, 7.62x54R, 7.62×51 NATO, .30-06, 6mm BR, 6.5×55 Swedish, 6.5×47 Lapua, and .338 Lapua Magnum are basic offering from Nammo. Newly announced this year are the .300 Blackout, 7mm-08 and 8×57 Mauser. All calibers are available in numerous variations in bullet weight, type, and application. The most recent, and of most interest to us here at SADJ is the new .338 PS.

The PS stands for “Precision Sniper.” This cartridge is built on a drawn and annealed Lapua shell casing. Any serious competitor or professional will agree, Lapua brass is among the best there is. The bullet seated atop the casing is also from Lapua: the Scenar. The myth and legend of the Scenar projectile is transcendent. Anyone who has hand loaded ammunition from Lapua components will attest to a certain “magic” that comes from using the absolute best. Lapua components make a shooter better. There is empirical science behind Lapua’s success, but many still choose to believe in the magic. Many of the records earned while using Lapua ammo were, and are still thought to have been impossible. This is what is expected of Lapua: unabashed over-the-top perfection. The final assembly of Lapua brass and Scenar bullet is perfect. There are no burrs, no scratches, no marks or scars anywhere. It’s hard to believe this ammunition comes from an automated machine.

This ammunition is loaded with the 250 grain Scenar OTM, up to a velocity of 2,885 feet per second. Lapua makes a 300 grain Scenar bullet, but it sacrifices velocity, distance, and trajectory for only slight gains in energy delivery. The 250 grain OTM bullet is optimal. For our testing and evaluation, we need not make demonstration of the lethality or on-target effect of the Lapua Magnum. It is enough to say the power and effect of the .338 is sufficient. But indeed, we had to prove the accuracy and precision of this ammunition.

Our test rifle is an expertly crafted custom rifle built on a Stiller Action with a Schneider barrel. The trigger is a Timney Calvin Elite. The stock is the McRee’s G5 chassis. The suppressor comes from Elite Iron and the optic is a Nightforce. For our field test we located some steel targets spread out between 200 and 1,000 yards, just up the hill from Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada. Once we had made a slight adjustment to the Nightforce to compensate for zero with this new ammunition, we set off to ring the steel. This was entirely uneventful. Our test rifle connected on every shot: 40 rounds fired from 600 to 1,000 yards, and 40 hits. We set up a paper target to capture a shot group at 300 yards. Nammo advertises that this ammo will maintain at least 1 minute-of-angle accuracy so we would expect a 3-inch group. We would have been thrilled with a 2-inch group but we were shown just how good Lapua ammo can be by the 3/4-inch group we produced. 10 rounds were fired from a hot barrel, and maintained one quarter of a minute precision. We had ideal conditions while shooting; no wind and cloud cover to minimize mirage.

This impressive group was recorded at 300 yards from the rifle described herein. This demonstrates 1/4 MOA accuracy.

Without further embellishment or spin, we can say authoritatively that this ammunition is superb and flawless. If a shooter and his rifle are prepared and willing, Nammo ammunition will support any effort with superlative performance and reliability.

Nammo Tactical Ammunition Co LLC
PO Box 22807
Mesa, AZ 85215 USA
(480) 626-4634
www.nammo.com

17 June 2014, the press got a presentation of the new combat gear for the Russian soldiers who are equipped with a variety of tactical gear and accessories during combat and in training. The modern soldier’s gear includes reconnaissance and navigation tools (binoculars, night vision goggles, compass), individual protection gear (gas mask, gloves, etc.), modular gear (backpacks, Kevlar type vest with pouches, body armor, issued chest and back plates like the U.S. Army SAPI-insert centric system), survival gear, etc. This second generation complex integrated system’s design is similar to Western systems with some differences. In this program with 5 sub programs, special attention was put on the survival of soldiers. The soldier is the most important element in the system, but it is not said that other systems were neglected. The multilayer helmet of composite materials can resist the hit of a bullet fired from a distance of 5 to 10 meters. Its strapping system has no metal, gives the head good ventilation and the shape will not hamper the soldier laying in firing position aiming his weapon. The helmet has a fabric cover with camouflage patterns. The goggles give a ballistic protection and are compatible with devices such as day-/night-/thermal sights. The camouflage pattern of the field uniform makes the soldiers less visible to infrared cameras. The uniforms of reinforced-fiber fabric of polymeric compounds protects the soldier against open fire and minor splinters/ballistic shrapnel, while the body armor vest, reinforced by ceramic and hybrid inserts, is effective against small arms, including armor-piercing bullets preventing bullet penetration and trauma. Together with the helmet and remaining gear the combat equipment ensemble weighs total about 20 kilograms and is fit for action in all conditions any time of the day. Although the gear is made up of dozens of components, one can take it off in a matter of seconds.

The gloves give a good grip for the weapon and have a ballistic protection. Nearly 100% of the soldier’s body is thus protected from small fragments.

Testing of Individual Combat Equipment for Russian Army in 2013

Combat equipment is an aggregate of functionally and by purpose an interconnected element and means for personal and team usage, providing a serviceman with personal protection, life support and target elimination for effective accomplishment of combat missions. Trials have been conducted for evaluation of elements of combat equipment of domestic and foreign production. Domestic companies provided more than 200 examples of gear and 41 elements of combat gear being in service of foreign armies were acquired for evaluation trials. Handling characteristics of all elements were being tested during regular combat training and at the lab base of TSNIITOCHMASH – also known as “TsNII.” TsNII was created in 1962 at the time of the USSR and it is known worldwide for its achievements in the field of armaments for the Soviet armed forces. Based on results of the trials, the best domestic models were determined, which have tactical-technical properties not inferior to foreign counterparts. As a result of examination of combat gear for servicemen of Germany, Israel and the USA, it was determined that versatility and modular layout are the main principles of their production. Meanwhile, further improvement of combat equipment follows the trend to increase the role of command systems and reduction of weight and dimension properties of each element. Control and Command systems provided for uniforms produced in Israel and Germany have similar functions and weight-dimensions properties. In the interim, the Russians meant that foreign control-and-command systems are developed for Special Forces Units and they cannot be used in general military operations. Main functions provided by these systems are: Command and Control (C2) of soldiers’ actions belonging to the same unit, transmitting of co-ordinates of soldiers’ location, transmitting information about targets located by reconnaissance devices and ability of sending video footage from video-cameras installed on soldiers’ firearms or helmet. System for reconnaissance and command “Streltsy” (shooter) provides coordinates of every soldier’s location and mission assignment to them, reception of coordinates of targets spotted by reconnaissance devices, radar reconnaissance devices and UAVs. Combination of “Streltsy” with a thermal sight “Shakhin” provides the possibility for aimed fire when line of sight is different to the line of fire, i.e. firing around a corner.

A series of successful solutions were discovered in foreign examples during evaluation of protection means. These were possibility of changing bullet-proof vests’ level of protection thanks to modular design and fastening of night vision goggles, monocular and flashlights to a helmet. Individual means of protection were tested for convenience of use during combat training. Their bullet resistance was also tested. Conclusions based on the results of the trials can be made that foreign means of individual protection have same level of protection comparing to the domestic ones; meanwhile the domestic vests and helmets are lighter by 2 kg and by 300-400 grams accordingly. Following the results of the trials, the helmets and vests in mass production were improved in the following aspects: Possibility of altering of protection level thanks to modular construction; fastenings of night goggles, monocular and flashlights to a helmet and system of fastening for additional pockets and pouches used in transportation vest. Fragments of about 1 gram in weight comprise about 60% – 80% of striking elements at the battlefield. A ballistic suite is used for reduction of combat and medical casualties. It provides protection against splinters for 90% of serviceman’s body. Its use ensures execution of missions by servicemen during extended time wearing of the suit. Testing the anti-splinter protection of the overall showed that there were no penetrations after being hit by a splinter. The test for anti-splinter protection of protective mask showed no penetration after being hit by a splinter. Protective uniform for crew members of armored vehicles provides protection against secondary splinters, which appear in case of penetration of vehicle’s armor and against open fire for 30 seconds providing possibility for evacuation of a crew member who had lost his
combat capabilities.

“Ratnik” (Warrior) Russian combat soldier equipment of 2 generation. Developed as part of the soldier military equipment (BES) program, the Ratnik infantry soldier kit comprises about 50 components, including firearms, body armor, optic, communication and navigation devices, life support and power supply systems, as well as knee and elbow pads. Available in summer and winter variants, the lightweight gear can be used by regular infantry, rocket launcher operators, machine gunners and drivers and scouts, and is claimed to provide protection against environmental threats from weapons of mass destruction and non-lethal weapons.

Firearms were tested for their handling characteristics and for their MOA grouping hits at different distances. AK74s provided fire with no jamming during test with its barrel filled with water. Meanwhile the M16A1 jammed right after the first round because of deformation of the bolt carrier and the receiver. AK74M and M16A1 were subjected to fine dust tests in a special chamber for gun’s resistance to dusting effect. The domestic example presented failure-proof operation again. Assault rifle M16A1 provided single fire mode only after forced hand ramming of round into chamber by the shooter. Weapons had been tested for service durability in case of free fall. Examples, loaded with mock-up cartridges, were thrown at a concrete plate 5 times in a row on the base of their magazines, from a height of 1 meter. And again the domestic assault rifle provided jamming-proof fire. The M16A1 had a misfire, caused by a jam of a bullet into the barrel’s base because of deformation of magazine’s bending after the fall. AK74M exceeded by a small margin the foreign example in MOA grouping test in auto mode. Meanwhile, the domestic machine gun “Pecheneg” presented results 3 times better than the Belgian machine gun FN MAG. Tests were conducted for optic-electronic sights for firearms. Use of collimator sights reduces time needed for target’s engagement, and it almost doubles the grouping. The main property for thermal and night vision sights is distance for identification of a full height figure target. Following distances were achieved during trials: “Saratsin” (a Saracen- night vision device) – distance of identification of full height figure target – 500 m. BH3 – 600 m, night vision goggles PN-105 – 200 m and Thermal sight “Shakhin 2-2” – 750 m.

The following conclusions were done after comparison of foreign and domestic elements of life support systems. The main directions in design and manufacturing of combat equipment for servicemen of the USA, Germany and Israel are versatility, modular layout and reduction of uniform’s weight. During trials the most interesting solutions implemented in foreign examples were determined and the following constructive solutions used in field uniforms of the USA and Germany deserve attention: Positioning of sleeve and breast pockets at angle of 30-45 degrees, cut of winter and summer coats below a serviceman’s waistline by 20-30 cm. that protects the back from undercooling when wearing outside without use of a belt. It should also have a removable insulation for winter coats. Windproof and water-repellent materials should be used in the winter uniform. Various examples of basic load and military uniforms and accessories designed for Special Forces Units were provided by the industry for comparison in the trials. Uniforms and accessories developed in OKR “Chereshnya” were acknowledged as the most complying with provided demands and they had implemented the aforementioned solutions. In analogy with foreign life support systems, the following items were introduced to the composition of the domestic set: A raid backpack, 60 (15.85 gallon) + 20 liter (5.28 gallon) for transportation of items, a sleeping bag with a mat, camouflage means and off-season items, – a 24 liter (6.34 gallon) backpack for transportation of personal items, engineering means, means of chemical protection, rations and other life support items.

17 June 2014, the press got a presentation of the new combat gear for the Russian soldiers. The combat uniform is a special fibric (reinforced-fiber composite) overall that one can wear for two days without taking it off. This fabric protects the soldier against open fire and minor splinters, and makes them nearly invisible to infrared cameras.

Developed by TSNIITOCHMASH – Made in Russia – Combat Gear for Russian Soldiers

TsNII has developed a family of integrally silenced 9mm weapons, which included the VSS “Vintorez” silenced sniper rifle and the AS “Val” silenced assault rifle. Both weapons are based on the same action and integrally silenced barrel. AS is widely used by Russian Army recon units, as well as by MVD (Internal Affairs Ministry) and FSB (Federal Security Bureau) Special Forces. The most famous from TsNII are certainly individual silent or used underwater weapons, special weapons dedicated to the fight against terrorism, or even artillery systems for Russian paratroopers. The common link is their extreme versatility to adapt them to various uses. In terms of individual protection, TsNII achieved in recent years some interesting technical breakthroughs with their own equipment. The focus is finally put on the most recent achievements in TsNII electrical sources and chargers for the proper functioning of individual weapons and radios. Russian soldiers will from 2014 be outfitted with an ensemble of futuristic gear including firearms, body armor, communications equipment and other technologies. The combat equipment of the Russian infantryman of the 21st century is thus formed around five areas considered essential: weapons, protection, C2, survival equipment and independent sources of electrical power. All these materials are obviously connected to meet the current criteria of modern combat and C2, and also having adequate optronic tools. The soldier set includes a multi-layer helmet and an armor vest 6B43 with ceramic armor plates capable of stopping sniper 5.56mm and AK74 rounds, including armor-piercing and high penetration, even at close range, and pieces of shells, mines, grenades and machetes. Basic package (weight – up to 9 kg) includes ballistic modules (circular protection of the torso and neck) made of aramid fabrics Rusar and bulletproof modules (armor) made of composite on the basis of corundum ceramics. For instant dumping of products in an extreme situation (no more than 3 seconds), the ??6B43 (BZ) is fitted with emergency relief, combined with the individual fit to the figure. The external pouch vest is made of wear resistant fabric, has a camouflage color, reduces visibility in the visible and infrared wavelengths, and has a unified system of fastening pockets and cartridge pouches compatible with the staffing vest transport universal 6SH112. ?? 6B43 is available in 3 sizes, which cover the full range of dimensional characteristics of typical figures of soldiers. The full name for ?? 6B43 is Combined Arms Assault Vest with improved tactical and technical characteristics 6B43. The set’s camouflage smock and body armor weigh about 10 kilograms. Together with the helmet and remaining gear the combat equipment ensemble weighs about 20 kilograms. The modern soldier’s gear includes reconnaissance and navigation tools (binoculars, night vision goggles, compass), individual protection gear (gas mask, gloves, etc.), modular gear (backpacks, a Kevlar vest with pouches, belt), survival gear that include universal shelter equipment, multifunction knife, lighting lamp, clock, winter and summer bilateral camouflage kits, standalone heat source, raid backpack, personal water filter, small infantry shovel, respiratory protection, means of radiation and chemical control, special treatment and first aid filter clothes. The Russian Defense Ministry plans to get 50,000 Ratnik sets annually. This will allow the industry to fulfill the task of providing the Army with 70 percent of the new equipment. The weapons-making agency has also started creating a new combat gear that is set to replace Ratnik in coming years.

AK-74M Kalashnikov 5.45mm Assault Rifles

An improved AK-74M was introduced in 1991, and is still in service. This is a 3.4 kg (7.5 pound), 94.3 cm (37.1 inch) weapon with a 41.5 cm (16.3 inch) barrel. It has rails for sights and can use a 30- or 45-round magazine. Rate of fire is 650 rpm on full auto, and the maximum effective range is 600 meters. The AK-74 looks like an AK-47 and has the same technology. The AK-74M Kalashnikov assault rifle is chambered for the 5.45x39mm Russian round. It has a folding buttstock. Forearm, magazine, buttstock and pistol grip are made of high strength plastic. Protective coatings ensure excellent corrosion resistance of metal parts. There is a dove-tail side rail for optical and night sights. The design of the AK-74M makes it possible to attach the GP-34 40mm under-barrel grenade launcher or a knife-bayonet. A muzzle brake provides for cyclic fire accuracy and further reduces muzzle climb and burst recoil. Company quality control system and all-round test programs ensure superb quality of the AK-74M. The Russians AK-74s whose magazine is loaded with 5.45 “steel core” ammunition may be extremely lethal against any kind of body armor.

The tactical vest has pouches that are removable and can be fastened on different attachments. The attachments will hold the pouches fast even when the soldier is crawling or rolling.

AK-12 Assault Rifle

The Russian army has made several attempts to develop and introduce a replacement for the AK-74. Some special operations units got the new AN-94 in the 1990s, but most troops are still using elderly (in design and manufacture) AK-74s. The troops want something that can match the improvements in Western assault rifles and the AK-12 recently passed the tests. No decision has been made yet on the assault rifle. The rifle should be offered in different modifications, for mechanized infantry, for tank crews, paratroopers and task forces. The rifle also needs a set of sights to fire at daytime and at night. The Kalashnikov Concern was formed earlier this year with the merger of Izhmash – the Izhevsk-based manufacturer of Kalashnikov rifles – with several other defense enterprises. The Kalashnikov Concern is planning to develop a modernized main assault rifle for the Russian Army. The Russian military had been planning on standardizing on a single modernized rifle, the AK-12, to replace three aging rifle models. No announcement has yet been made by the Defense Ministry about modernizing the AK-74, but Kalashnikov will move forward with trials of the AK-12 assault rifle for law enforcement agencies.

9mm AS Special Assault Rifle

The SR.3MP 9mm modernized small-sized assault rifle is designed for engaging enemy personnel wearing Class II armor vests as well as unarmored equipment at ranges up to 400 m. This is the next version of the SR.3M assault rifle. The SR.3MP can be equipped with a silencer and has Picatinny rails for attaching different kinds of sights, laser designator, tactical light and other necessary devices. The assault rifle is a gas-operated weapon with a rotating bolt and is selective fire. When engaged, the safety locks the trigger and bolt carrier to prevent an accident shooting. When the bolt is unlocked, a premature shooting is prevented by the auto release. The assault rifle uses 20-round or 30-round detachable staggered box magazines. The optical and night sights allow aimed firing at ranges up to 400 m at day and up to 300 m at night correspondingly. The folding steel stock allows reducing the dimensions of the assault rifle when carrying it. The design of the assault rifle enables aimed firing with folded or unfolded stock. The SR.1MP allows attaching the stock to the lower side of the handle to provide effective use with a visor. The detachable silencer allows reducing sound and flash of a shot. The assault rifle has a folding front grip. The SR.3M modernized small-sized assault rifle was designed and is manufactured by TSNIITOCHMASH.

Sniper Rifle VSS “Vintorez”

This is a silenced sniper rifle VSS “Vintorez” (a thread cutter). It fires special 9mm sniper cartridges and it allows silent liquidation of targets protected by light bulletproof vests. The rifle shoots so quietly, that the enemy won’t ever realize where the shot came from. The VSS has only one disadvantage – short range of fire, not more than 400 m.

The new bulletproof armor body is made of ceramic plates (modules made of composite on the basis of corundum ceramics) and Aramid fiber so it can effectively resist even numerous sniper rifle bullets. The new-generation body armor, in particular, would provide exceptional protection against small arms. It will be able to deflect NATO’s basic 5.56mm rifle round and presents a big challenge to rifle and munition makers. Here the insert plate is shoot at from a range of 10 meters with a 7.62mm sniper rifle.

7.62mm Pecheneg Standard Machine Gun

The 7.62 mm Pecheneg machine gun of new generation is in mass production for the Russian Army and is designed to engage personnel and enemy weapon systems providing fire support to infantry units. It combines great firepower of a heavy machine gun and mobility of a light machine gun. The Pecheneg machine gun is a derivative of the worldwide famous PKM machine gun. The modernization was aimed at increasing accuracy of fire, service life of parts, and improving operating capabilities of the weapon. Pecheneg is gas operated. Its barrel is blocked by rotation of the breech. A striker type trigger mechanism is activated by the breech block. It has a rear sear and provides for automatic fire only. A safety catch blocks the trigger and sear when activated. Special design of the barrel assembly allowed for reduction of non-removable barrel temperature warp, thus immensely increasing accuracy of fire. Ensuring high survivability, the non-removable barrel improves operating characteristics of the weapon. A handle for carrying the machine gun also plays the part of anti-mirage belt, thus decreasing aiming errors resulting from the haze when the barrel is heated. An open-type sight includes a foresight and an adjustable sector-type backsight with a device for lateral adjustments. The machine gun mounts a standard attachment point for various optical and optronic sights. Reliability of moving parts together with superb accuracy of fire and high survivability open vast prospects for the weapon. Pecheneg can fire all types of 7.62x54mm rounds. The weapon is fed from a 25- or 50-round disintegrating metal belt. Loaded belts are transported in boxes for 100 and 200 rounds each. In comparison with the best modern analogues it has the following advantages: the absence of a changeable barrel; delivering high-accuracy fire (200 rounds) in any possible mode of shooting without the change of the barrel. Barrel’s total life is no less than 25,000 rounds. Accuracy and grouping of automatic fire compared with PKM are improved by a factor of 2.0; the negative effect of “mirage” on aiming process is practically ruled out.

Russian test thermal Weapon Sight of the Future

Russian engineers have unveiled a unique thermal weapon sight for the Ratnik (Warrior) combat gear of the future. The tests of prototype Russian made thermal weapon sights visualizes for the user to see enemy soldiers in pitch darkness or in smoke on the battlefield. The system sensors can discriminate between objects even when the temperatures differ by one tenth of a degree. One cannot see camouflaged soldiers standing behind foliage with conventional night sights because they are blending with the terrain, but thermal imagers detect body heat. The new thermal sight becomes part of the Ratnik future soldier system and can detect enemy forces at ranges up to 1,200 meters. The gun sight is synchronized with a special helmet mounted eyepiece display. The soldier can put the rifle behind the corner by attaching the gun’s sight to the rifle. The soldier will see everything around the corner in real time while remaining safe. Every thermal sight undergoes a number of tests including heat tests inside special compartments that simulate temperature fluctuation between minus 50 to plus 70 degrees Celsius as well as tests to see how they react to vibrations and impact. The Ratnik combat gear gun sight undergoes to up to 350 G which exceeds the recoil of an assault rifle by about 100%. The system has so far passed all factory tests and state acceptance tests and should be made to issue it to military units.

The PDA makes tactical calculations, shows among others, positions, digital maps, messages. The Manpack kit 83?215 ?-6 is used from special (Scouts-) squad-, platoon-level and to company level.

Conclusion

All the items (weapons, body armor, optic, communication and navigation devices, medical, and power supply systems plus uniform items including knee and elbow pads) have been tested and accepted.

This new generation Ratnik (Warrior) Infantry Combat System will make Russian troops the fully-capable soldiers of the future. Use of this second generation combat equipment reduces the rate of casualties by a factor of 3 and increases the effectiveness of the troops by a factor of 2.5.

With the backpack the soldier can carry necessary items for the actual combat e.g. food, medical, ammo, etc. (Håland)

The Manpack kit 83?215 ?-6 with binocular rangefinder and personal digital assistant (PDA) or personal computer table is here for example used by a reconnaissance squad. This PDA has multi functions. Some small arms were presented. The 9mm AS Special Assault Rifle shown here is typically used by a scout soldier. The scouts’ squad leader can via the C2 system automatically transmit the target coordinates back to his unit for immediate fire support.

The Manpack kit 83?215 ?-6 with binocular rangefinder and personal digital assistant (PDA) or personal computer table is here for example used by a reconnaissance squad. This PDA has multi functions. Some small arms were presented. The 9mm AS Special Assault Rifle shown here is typically used by a scout soldier. The scouts’ squad leader can via the C2 system automatically transmit the target coordinates back to his unit for immediate fire support.

“Ratnik” is equipped with the “Strelets” control unit, comprising communications equipment, a targeting indicator, as well as an information and identification system. The unit reports the soldier’s location to the command point. (Håland)

Events in the Ukraine have shocked the world and have had a major rippling effect. The Russians have invaded and taken Crimea and threaten to continue into the Ukrainian mainland. Ukrainian forces have massed and engaged Russian troops in the eastern and southern regions of the Ukraine. After being under Soviet rule during the USSR government, the Ukrainian people do not want to live under the oppression of the Russian rule again and are willing to fight for it. The Ukraine is at a severe disadvantage and is a true underdog in this conflict. Almost all of their weapons are pre-1991 Soviet produced weapons they received while under the rule of the USSR. There were only two munitions manufacturing facilities available to the Army, one in the Ukraine mainland and the other in Crimea. However, the one in Crimea is now under Russian control. There is now only one and it does not produce nearly enough ammunition to sustain a war with Russia. There are limited quantities with obviously no resupply by the Russians. The Ukraine has begged for NATO and UN intervention. The sanctions put on Russia are hurting the Russian people but not the Russian military. Like the times of the USSR, Putin is putting a majority of the finances of Russia into the military and leaving its populous to suffer. The threat to the security of the Ukraine is no less than pre-sanctions.

The Ukrainian army is purely conscript, same as their Russian adversary. All males at the age of 18 are required to serve. This time, they generally receive their training and head to the troubled eastern and southern regions of the Ukraine to deal with the enemy at the gate, Russian troops. As of this writing, the Ukrainian Army has suffered more than 5,000 casualties and the Russians have been minimal. Low supply of ammunition and aging weapons is a major hurdle for these freedom fighters as well as the pre out-datedness of much of their military equipment compared to that of the Russian troops.

This author spent some time in the Ukraine in December of 2014 working with the Army on small arms maintenance with Otis Technology in an effort to prolong the life of their current fleet of small arms as well as increase durability and reliability. Getting a firsthand look at their equipment, their entire fleet seen is older Soviet-era small arms. Although durable and reliable many were tired to say the least.

The primary small arm for the army is the AK74-series rifle chambered in 5.45x39mm. They do have some old stocks of 7.62x39mm rifles in storage but the primary weapon is the 5.45x39mm model. The standard AK74 with wooden furniture and a polymer pistol grip were the most common. This 16.3 inch chrome lined bore and chamber barrel is topped off with an extremely effective muzzle brake. The magazine holds 30 rounds of 5.45x39mm ammunition. The magazines are either made of a Bakelite material or of a polymer (later produced magazines). The cycle rate is approximately 650 rounds per minute. This can be slightly affected by temperature conditions. The reliability is excellent and on paper to bolt weights to velocity show to be a more balanced and reliable mechanism than its 7.62x39mm granddad. The overall length of the rifle is 37.1 inches. On the range, we were hitting targets at 300 yards but not much beyond that. This is significantly better that the 7.62x39mm AKM rifles. Many tested did not continuously hit targets at 200 yards.

The AKS-74 was also quite common, the only difference between this and the AK74 is that it possesses a folding stock making it more compact and easier to deploy out of armored personnel carriers and other sorts of vehicles. These tended to be more in use by combat troops and the older AK74 rifles were used in training. With the stock extended the rifle has an overall length of 37.1 inches and with the side folding stock closed an overall length of 27.2 inches.

The author firing a AK-74 (notice cartridge case catcher) at the Ukrainian small arms training range in Kozelets ‘kyi rayon in Chernihiv, Ukraine.

Combat units also were equipped with the newest AK-74M. This is a modernized AK74 with several improvements – the most notable change is the furniture is now made of black, glass-filled polyamide. The stock has the same shape as the standard AK74 but folds to the left side. Some other improvements have been a lightened bolt and carrier assembly. The muzzle brake is improved as well as a stronger receiver cover. Also, a redesign of the guide rod return spring retainer that allows the firing of the GP-25, GP-30 and GP34 grenade launchers without having additional receiver cover fastener. All AK-74M rifles are now equipped with a bracket for mounting an optic.

The RPK-74 is also in use. This is a highly strengthened AK-74 rifle with a more durable receiver. The magazine well is reinforced with steel inserts. The recoil spring and spring guide has been updated as well. The barrel is a longer 23.2 inches. This boosts the muzzle velocity from 2,953 feet per second in the AK-74 to 3,149 feet per second in the RPK-74. The barrel is topped off with a flash suppressor rather than a muzzle brake. The normal magazine for this rifle is a 45-round magazine but the standard 30-round AK-74 magazine is perfectly compatible. This weapon also fires at a rate of 600 rounds per minute. The overall length of the fixed stock version is 40.9 inches with the side folding stock variations 71.7 inches with the stock extended and 33.3 inches with the stock folded. The various models weigh between 10 to 11 pounds.

Also seen were the RPK-74M, which like the AK-74M uses furniture now made of black, glass-filled polyamide. The stock has the same shape as the RPK stock but folds to the left side. These too are equipped with a side bracket for mounting optics. This was the model seen at the training range in Kozelets’kyi rayon training base.

The Ukrainian Army relies on the firepower of the PKM to fulfill the purpose of general purpose machine gun role. This is a Kalashnikov design that fires the 7.62x54mmR round from non-disintegrating belts. This was particularly challenging design for Kalashnikov since most modern machine guns push the round through the link to load. This could not be done on the PKM due to the fact the 7.62x54mmR cartridge has a rim on it. He had to make the design so it would pull the cartridge out of the belt and reroute it to the chamber. He made the needed changes to make a reliable and durable machine gun. The machine gun has some pretty unique quirks about it. First, most modern machine guns feed from the left and eject from the right. The PKM feeds from the right and ejects to the left. The belts hold 25 rounds and the belts can be linked together to whatever the desired length may be. The ejection port has a cover that opens only when the cartridge case is ejected. The cocking handle is on the right side of the machine gun receiver. There is a standard AK-pistol grip with a thumb safety on the left side. The barrel can be easily changed by sliding the lock lever inward, and then by grabbing the handle on the barrel, the barrel can be pulled free of the receiver.

The primary small arms for the Ukrainian security forces are the AK-74 (top) and the RPK-74 (bottom). The rifles may also be found in the later polymer furniture as well.

The operating system of the machine gun is identical to that of an AK-type rifle, just upside down. The gun fired from the open bolt position. This is highly desirable due to the severe heat of the gun due to rapid fire. By having an open bolt the cartridge only enters the chamber long enough for the bolt to lock and the round to be fired. This eliminates the possibility of a cook-off like you would encounter in a closed bolt weapon. There is a bipod mounted onto the front of the gun but no lower handguard. The lack of the lower handguard makes the machine gun difficult to fire from a standing position. This has always been a major critique of the machine gun.

The barrel is 25.4 inches in length and chrome lined. The rear of the barrel is externally chrome plated for easer cleaning, installation and removal from the receiver. There is a flash suppressor on the end of the muzzle.

The weight of the PKM is 16.53 pounds with the bipod. The overall length of the PKM is 46.9 inches with a cyclic rate of 650 to 750 rounds per minute. Due to the heavy power of the 7.62x54mmR cartridge, the maximum effective range is 1,000 meters. Belts come in 100, 200 and 250-round boxes. The ammunition box may be attached to the bottom of the machine gun’s receiver. The belts can be reduced or extended to whatever length the machine gunner requires. The machine gun can use either iron sights or be mounted with various optical or thermal type sighting systems. There are no tools required for disassembly for cleaning.

The PKM machine gun was seen mounted to trucks, on top of tanks, inside helicopters as well as carried by Ukrainian machine gunners. The soldiers seem to like the gun and are very confident in the reliability. Like many before them the gunners wished for a handguard so the gun could be more easily fired while standing. The PKM fired by this author was an older Soviet produced one with no way of knowing how many rounds have been through it. The machine gun experienced one malfunction where the cartridge was pulled out of the belt, but when moving forward in the receiver got jammed in place. The malfunction was not quick to clear. However, looking at the belts that are used over and over in training could have been the culprit as they showed extreme wear.

Ukrainian sniper/sharpshooters mostly depend on the SVD Dragunov. This rifle was designed by Yevgeny Dragunov and put into service in 1963 as a squad support weapon. It does not possess the long range accuracy of a M110 or L129A1 sniper rifle.

A training PKM machine gun at the Ukrainian small arms training range in Kozelets ‘kyi rayon in Chernihiv, Ukraine. This is a pre-Soviet break up production machine gun.

The rifle is a short stroke piston operated rifle that fires from the closed bolt (three locking lugs). From outward appearance it looks like a Kalashnikov but upon closer examination it is different. Accuracy can potentially be improved by going with a short stroke piston rather than a long stroke piston. Also, weight can be decreased as well as recoil, especially with such a long powerful cartridge as the 7.62x54mmR. The rifle has a two position gas regulator.

The stock provides a pistol grip and is what is referred to as the “skeleton” stock. There is a cheek piece that can be folded away to enable use of the iron sights. The stock is short for anyone of large stature. This author has long arms and found it uncomfortable to shoot. The safety is the same type as the AK-type rifle but only has a safe and fire position. One of the most notable changes is that when the last round is fired, the bolt remains locked to the rear. This is unlike the AK-series where you hear a click from the hammer falling to tell you the weapon is empty. To reload, the empty magazine is removed, a loaded magazine is inserted and the bolt is pulled to the rear and let go to chamber a round.

The magazine holds 10 rounds of 7.62x54R ammunition. This feeding mechanism posed a challenge for the designer Yevgeny Dragunov. It is very difficult to get cartridges with rims to function in a magazine though he was able to do it and get it to function reliably. The magazine is manufactured from steel. It is inserted in the same rocking fashion as that of the AK-family of weapons. In trying to reload the SVD, the author found it quite awkward and time consuming. Perhaps one who is trained on the SVD can do this magazine change with much more speed and ease but it was challenging compared to the American M16/AR-10-type rifles.

The barrel length of the standard SVD is 24.4 inches in length. The barrel profile is quite thin to save weight. The bores have been seen both chrome and non-chrome plated. According to most documentation, the original twist on the SVD was 1 turn in 12.6 inches. According to a Russian Dragunov manufactured in 1965, this author measured 1 turn in 13.25 inches. In the 1970s the twist rate was changed to accommodate newer heavier projectiles. The twist rate was changed to 1 turn in 9.4 inches. This author measured a Russian Tiger carbine and this rifle had a 1 turn in 9.6 inches. If these barrels are button cut, that may explain some of the differences but if broach cut, there really is no explanation from the measured rifles versus the specification. The faster twist was required to force new munitions such as tracer, armor piercing and armor piercing incendiary ammunition. This did have an adverse effect on the use of the standard sniper ammunition. Supposedly the long range accuracy was reduced by 19%. The barrel is provided with an excellent flash suppressor that would assist the shooter with concealment in low level or dark conditions by hiding his flash signature.

Three of the standard Ukrainian small arms, the SVD Dragunov, PKM machine gun and AK74 assault rifle. The author was demonstrating Otis cleaning systems to show the Ukrainians how they may prolong the life of these weapons by routine maintenance.

The rifle has iron sights similar to that of an AK but are designed for back up use only. The optic is put in a mount that attaches to a rail on the left side of the rifle. The standard issue optic is a PSO-1 optical sight. This scope has neither focus adjustment nor parallax compensation control. The optic features a bullet drop compensator for the 7.62x54mmR round in 50 meter or 100 meter increments out to 1,000 meters. The bullet drop compensator must be matched for rifle and ammunition combination by the factory. There is a floating element designed in the optic to help the shooter determine distance. This is called a stadiametric rangefinder. This optic would be considered primitive compared to the optics in use today by the U.S and NATO countries.

The SVD is not in the class of rifles with the M110 or the L129A1 rifles or most other modern semiautomatic sniper systems. Its potential fills more of a designated marksman role than that of an actual sniper. The SVD has significantly more recoil than most of the semiautomatic 7.62x51mm rifles in the industry. But at shorter ranges, this is a weapon to be reckoned with. The Ukrainian Army makes heavy use of these rifles.

The standard pistol for the Ukrainian Army is the 9x18mm Makarov pistol. The pistol is designated as “PM” which is translated into English as Makarov’s Pistol. This pistol entered service in 1951. The 9x18mm cartridge is about has high power as one can go with a blowback operated pistol in this size.

The pistol fires the 9x18mm cartridge. The cartridge case is manufactured from steel and fires a 94 grain ball cartridge. They can be found in copper or steel jacket. The round produces a muzzle velocity of 1,030 feet per second compared to a 9x19mm firing a 124 grain projectile at 1,185 feet per second. The pistol’s magazine holds 8 rounds of
9x18mm ammunition.

Getting ready to train, these Ukrainian soldiers are loading AK74 30- and 45-round 5.45x39mm magazines, loading SVD Dragunov magazines as well as loading the non-disintegrating belts for the PKM machine gun. Notice on the far right the 40mm caseless grenade fired from a GP-25 grenade launcher. This training was conducted at the Ukrainian small arms training range in Kozelets ‘kyi rayon in Chernihiv, Ukraine.

The pistol fires from the straight blowback method of operation. The barrel is 3.68 inches in length and chrome plated (mostly). The barrel is secured into the frame of the pistol. The trigger is a double action/single action trigger meaning with the hammer in the forward position and safety off, the trigger pull will have a long heavy pull; then when the pistol extracts, ejects, chambers and feeds a new cartridge into the chamber the hammer will be in the shorter and lighter single action mode of fire.

The slide has a decocking lever and manual safety. On the left side of the slide is a lever. When pulled to its downward position the hammer will safely decock and the safety is engaged. By flipping the safety upward, the safety is disengaged. The trigger can be pulled through or the hammer cocked. When the safety is on the hammer cannot be manually cocked back.

The pistol weighs a light 26 ounces with an overall length of 6.36 inches. The width of the pistol is 1.16 inches. The sights are a fixed blade front sight with a rear sight adjustable for windage. It is drift adjustable. The maximum effective range of the pistol is 50 meters to one very proficient with the pistol. Though replaced in 2003 in Russia by the Yargin PYa pistol (Grach) chambered in 9x19mm (17 round capacity) the Makarov remains in service by many countries. In the Ukraine, many officers carry the pistol but several others were seen with these as well. It did not appear there was any specific rule as to who had them.

The Ukrainian Army does have weapons that are proven to be among the best in the world for many years. Many go back to the late 1940s and up to the early 1990s. However, their weapons are older and have not been updated since the fall of the Soviet Union and they have not received the updates found in many Russian weapon systems that have modernized their current systems. The real crisis relates to ammunition in the Ukraine. With only one functioning ammunition facility they are buying munitions from foreign countries. Hopefully they will be able to get the needed weapons and be able to keep the Ukraine a free and independent nation.

The author firing a Soviet produced SVD Dragunov sniper rifle. This semiautomatic 7.62x54R rifle is the standard sniper rifle of the Warsaw Pact countries. Fairly accurate but not enough so the author would give up his AR-10.

The SVD Dragunov operates similar to that of an AK-type rifle but utilizes a short stroke piston rather than that of the long stroke piston of the AK-series rifles. The rifle’s major hurdle that was overcome by designer Yevgeny Dragunov was stacking the rimmed 7.62x54R cartridges in a magazine and having them feed reliably. Shown is a more modern Russian version using polymer furniture instead of traditional wood.

The new Kestrel DROP offers a suite of information that will prove valuable to the long range shooter. The DROP will detect and present temperature, humidity, dew point temp, heat index, altitude, and barometric trend – and all this information is transmitted wirelessly to your smart phone so you’re not tasked with implementing yet another device; the DROP is turned on and forgotten. It does its work without continued input from the user. Then consider that you’ve probably got a ballistic computing app installed on your phone. All atmospheric and geographic conditions pertinent to plotting a ballistic flight path are accessible on the same device.

Kestrel does indeed incorporate the full package of ballistic and the atmospheric and environmental capability featured in the DROP, into a few other handheld devices (costing from $400 to $600). If your endeavor is only about precise long range shooting, these might be more suited to your needs. If you may find yourself stalking mountain goats or elk in the high country, or even just camping or backpacking, or if you’ve already got a simple wind meter, the DROP gives you the information you’ve been missing. This device should be considered necessary kit for anyone spending time outdoors. The advantages for a military marksman are obvious on integrating this into the kit.

The DROP is waterproof, shockproof, runs for years on a battery, weighs just an ounce and the device carries a 5 year warranty. The DROP can be had for less than $200.

Kestrel (a division of Nielsen-Kellerman)

21 Creek Circle

Boothwyn, PA 19061

info@nkhome.com

Website:

kestrelmeters.com

(800) 784-4221

The light machine gun 5.56×45 is designed to be employed by an individual gunner normally in an infantry squad. It is easier to handle by one person due to the weight and caliber of the ammunition and using the same ammunition as the others in the squad eases the logistics. The LMG is capable of delivering a large volume of effective fire which complements the effectiveness of all squad weapons across the spectrum of infantry operations. LMGs allow rifle squads to take light automatic weapons with them in the assault.

Modern 5.56mm Ammunition for Light Machine Guns and Rifles

The 5.56mm caliber is very useable for short range combat. Currently, there are many new 5.56mm ready ammunition types. Among these there are the so-called lead-free or low-emission characteristic (green ammo), and on the other hand new bullet constructions and higher projectile masses for ballistic performance improvement. Among the pioneers of producing lead-free ammunition, is Nammo. Since 2012, the Norwegian-Finnish company Nammo has supplied a revised lead-free 5.56mm cartridge with the label NM255 to the Norwegian Armed Forces. This has better performance compared to standard ball ammunition with minimized environmental impact. It has improved accuracy, terminal ballistics and barrel erosion, and better penetration compared to ordinary NATO ball. It contains no lead. This is a response to three years earlier lessons learned that the lead-free ammunition type NM229 could cause health problems when shooters were breathing copper and zinc vapor. The SS109 bullet of FN Herstal has a brass coat surrounding the steel and the underlying lead core. In 2010 the U.S. Army introduced the new M855A1 Enhanced Performance Round (EPR) with a 62-grain bullet. The double core construction with exposed bullet tip, mainly produced by ATK, also has a low emission and due to their component assembly it ensures higher efficiency. U.S. Special Forces also use the Mk262 cartridge with 77 grain bullet (5 gram). In 2010 the U.S. Marine Corps replaced the M855 initially with the MK 318 MOD 0 cartridge, caliber 5.56mm ball. Barrier penetrating, the 62 grain heavy “open-tip” -cartridge has a lead core and a thick copper base. The lead core is to make a breach into obstacles, which then the copper core penetrates behind. Meanwhile, the M855A1 is also used by the “Leathernecks.” RUAG Ammotec presented their HC + earlier in 2010. This lead free hard core cartridge with increased penetrating power is particularly suitable for light MGs. In May 2013 it qualified the lead-free cartridge 5.56×45 LF HC SX for the small Luxembourg Armed Forces. RUAG Ammotec announced this cartridge, exceeded the “multi caliber manual of proof and inspection” (MC-MOPI standard for test processes), which calls for a standard deviation of up to maximum 200 mm at a distance of 550 m, a standard deviation of 110 mm corresponds to 300 m. The lead-free cartridge 5.56×45 LF HC SX at this distance with all rounds had standard deviations of less than 50 mm.

The FN MINIMI 5.56mm Mk3, cover and feed mechanism assembly in open position. (Walter Håland)

The FN MINIMI 5.56mm Light Machine Gun

The MINIMI (short for French: Mini Mitrailleuse; “mini machine gun”) is a Belgian 5.56mm light machine gun developed by Fabrique Nationale (FN). The FN MINIMI is a gas actuated long-stroke piston system LMG firing from an open bolt. It is an air-cooled weapon capable of fully automatic fire only. It can be belt fed or fired from a magazine. The barrel is locked with a rotary bolt equipped with two massive locking lugs. It was first introduced in 1974. In the meantime it is in widespread use by the militaries of North America (designation M249), South America, Europe, South East Asia and Oceania. The weapon is currently manufactured at the FN facility in Herstal and at their U.S. subsidiary FN Manufacturing LLC. The weapon is primarily chambered for 5.56×45 NATO, though it is also available as a 7.62×51 NATO variant. The MINIMI is configured in several variants: the Standard model as a platoon or squad support weapon, the Para version for paratroopers and the Vehicle model as secondary armament for different vehicles. The welded receiver is made from stamped steel. Both the Standard and Para variants are equipped with a folding bipod mounted to the gas tube and stowed under the handguard. The bipod can be adjusted in height and each leg has three height settings. The bipod also offers a 15° range of rotation to either side. With the bipod fully extended, the bore axis is elevated to a height of 465 mm (18.3 in). The standard light machine gun version has a 465 mm (18.3 in) barrel Mk1 and a fixed composite stock with a folding shoulder strap. The shortened Para model has a 349 mm (13.7 in) barrel and a sliding metal stock. For 5.56 weapons, both these stocks are available with or without the hydraulic buffer that contributes to stabilizing the rate of fire and reducing recoil forces. The Mk3 configuration is only available with the hydraulic buffer. The weapon is fed from the left-hand side by disintegrating-link ammunition belts, from either an unsupported loose belt, enclosed in a polymer ammunition box with a 200-round capacity attached to the base of the receiver, or from reusable 100- or 200-round pouches, or from detachable 30-round STANAG magazines, used in other NATO 5.56 assault rifles such as the M16. Magazine feeding is used only as an auxiliary measure, when belted ammunition has been exhausted because this results in increased wear and tear on the rotary bolt’s locking lugs. This feature allows the FN MINIMI to be instantly changed from belt feed to magazine feed without any modification. When a belt is placed in the feed tray it covers the magazine port. The magazine port, when not in use, is closed with an L-shaped hinged flap equipped with a tooth, which engages a corresponding opening in the magazine and serves as a magazine release. The barrels used in the FN MINIMI have an increased heat capacity for sustained fire, feature a chrome-lined rifled bore (six right-hand grooves) and are manufactured with a 178 mm (1:7 in) twist rate used to stabilize the NATO SS109 projectile (since 1980s). The barrels have a quick-change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that releases the barrel from its trunnion. A carrying handle is also fixed to the barrel that makes the barrel change process easy. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6-7 seconds. FN MINIMI has a cone-shaped slotted flash suppressor. Both the standard and Para models come with a rear sight, adjustable for windage and elevation. The sight has a peep aperture for ranges from 300 to 1,000 m in 100 m increments. The hooded front sight is installed in a post on the gas block. The gas valve is manually adjustable with two positions: normal and adverse. The adverse setting increases the cyclic rate of fire from 700–850 rounds per minute to 950–1,150 rounds per minute and is used only in extreme environmental conditions or when heavy fouling is present in the weapon’s gas tube.

The barrels have a quick-change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that releases the barrel from its trunnion. The carrying handle fixed to the barrel is used in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6-7 seconds. (Walter Håland)

The Trend in the 80s

As the other NATO nations, the Norwegian Defense also replaced at infantry squads the 11 kg heavy 7.62mm MG3, which is cumbersome to carry for an infantry soldier on foot patrols, compared to the 3 kg lighter FN Herstal MINIMI 5.56mm. The big MG3 is less suited to urban fighting. The 5.56mm ammunition is half as heavy as the 7.62mm. With the assault rifle HK416, in 5.56mm caliber, the infantry squad would only have one caliber, which makes it easier with supplying their ammunition to other members in the squad. The variant Norway has acquired is the MINIMI PARA TRIPLE RAIL with the sliding butt and rails for mounting of optical sight, light and laser pointer, or other selected accessories. The optical sight used on the MINIMI is the Aimpoint Comp 4x and 3x magnification. The delivered LMGs come with two different barrels. The 18.2 inch barrel is primary for use at maximum practical range. The additional 14.2 inch barrel is intended for shooting at shorter distances (Close Quarters Combat). The long barrel and the short barrel have different shaped flash suppressors.

The barrels have a quick-change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that releases the barrel from its trunnion. The carrying handle fixed to the barrel is used in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6-7 seconds. (Walter Håland)

FN MINIMI Mk3 (5.56mm and 7.62mm)

FN Herstal’s newest light machine gun line, the MINIMI Mk 3, is an update of the FN MINIMI. The FN MINIMI Mk3 is probably the most important new firearm of 2013 given its widespread use by the militaries. The company stated the new Mk3 was designed around the feedback received from actual combat troops using the weapon in the field. Essentially, all updates are focused on improved ergonomics and improved mobility. The most prominent updates are:

The old fixed stock has been replaced with a 5-position length of pull adjustable buttstock (to fit different sized soldiers with and without body armor). The stock has an integrated hydraulic buffer that stabilizes the rate of fire and reduces felt recoil. Additionally, the stock has an adjustable cheek riser and a shoulder rest. The user can have his eye correctly aligned with the iron sights, or optical sights, while keeping his cheek properly positioned on the buttstock.

A new handguard/bipod assembly that provides a comfortable handguard and three forward Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny accessory rails. The adjustable-height (3 positions) bipod, when folded back, integrates into the shape of the hand guard even with an accessory on the lower rail.

The top cover and feed tray has been upgraded for easier one-handed reloading. The cocking handle is more ergonomic and easier to operate with either the strong or weak hand.

The feed tray is improved with belt retaining pawls that hold the belt correctly in position during the loading procedure, which is most useful when the user is in the standing position.

According to FN Herstal, existing MINIMI machine guns can be upgraded to Mk 3 specs. FN offers complete or partial upgrades kit depending on customer’s needs. Upgrades can be performed in-house by the organizations. The MINIMI Mk3 will be available in two calibers (5.56 and 7.62). There will be four 5.56mm variants and three 7.62mm variants (down from the total of eight variants previously available). The 5.56mm variants are FN MINIMI 5.56 Mk3 Tactical LB (long barrel) and tactical SB (short barrel), – para and Tactical Standard.

The barrels have a quick-change capability; a lever is provided on the left side of the weapon that releases the barrel from its trunnion. The carrying handle fixed to the barrel is used in the barrel change process. A trained soldier can perform a barrel change and ready the weapon for aimed fire in 6-7 seconds. (Walter Håland)

M249 Light Machine Gun, Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW)

In the U.S. the light MG MINIMI in caliber 5.56×45 was adopted in 1982 and designated the M249 light machine gun (LMG), previously designated the M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW), and formally written as Light Machine Gun, 5.56mm, M249 in use by U.S. Forces. Production for the U.S. military has been carried out entirely in the USA by a local subsidiary, FN Manufacturing LLC in South Carolina. U.S. Armed Forces, USSOCOM and the NSWC have been developing their own variants and upgrades of M249 for many years. The fruits of their labor are the Mk. 46 Mod 0/1 and Mk 48 Mod 0/1. As part of the U.S. military’s M249 Product Improvement Program (PIP), the M249 was updated with: a new synthetic stock and modified buffer assembly, a single-position gas regulator, a so-called birdcage type flash hider/compensator from the M16A2, a polymer barrel heat guard, and a folding carry handle. As a result, the weapon’s weight increased to 7.47 kg (16.5 lb.). Many of the PIP upgrades were later incorporated by FN for the MINIMI. The ergonomically-shaped polymer buttstock contains a hydraulic buffer that allows SAW gunners to maintain a high rate of fire with accuracy and effect.

Para

M249 Para

The M249 Para is optimized for airborne, armored infantry and close quarters combat (CQC) operations with a shorter barrel and sliding butt. It retains all of the features of the M249 SAW and can be field-converted back to the standard model configuration in just 30 seconds. Each M249 model includes one spare barrel.

Technical characteristics

Projectile weight: 3 g (77 grain)

Muzzle velocity: 1030 m/s (3377 fps)

Max. dispersion: S.D. < 200 mm at 550 m

Penetration: 12 mm RHA 300HB at 100 m

Service temperature: -54oC/+52oC

Safety temperature: -54oC/+71oC

Type classified by U.S. Army 1996 as M995. Nammo has been the sole supplier since then. In service in several countries. Combat proven and in production.

5.56×45 Armor Piercing 45 Incorporating Nammo’s knowledge on tungsten carbide technology as well as that on lead free projectile design, 5.56mm AP 45 provides a cost effective armor piercing round for use in assault rifles and machine guns. Military specified (STANAG 4172). The heavy projectile provides increased performance at long ranges.

Technical characteristics

Projectile weight: 4.5 g (70 grain)

Muzzle velocity: 915 m/s (3,000 fps)

Max. dispersion: S.D. < 200 mm at 550 m

Penetration: 7 mm RHA at 200 m

Service temperature: -54oC/+52o

Safety temperature: -54oC/+71oC

Status: In production

PARA Technical Data

Caliber 5.56mm x 45 NATO

Operating principle: Gas piston driven, hydraulic buffer

Bolt mechanism: Rotating bolt, open bolt principle

Feed mechanism: Belt feed from left side or magazine2

Modes of fire: Safe/Sustained fire

Length min/max: Long barrel 898 mm/1,028 mm, Short barrel 780 mm/914 mm

Height: 24.1 mm (9.5 inch)

Barrel length: Long barrel 466 mm (18.3 inch), Short barrel 347 mm (13.7 inch)

Sight: M/O3

Weight weapon with bipod: Short barrel (without ammo) ca 8.0 kg, With 100 rounds ammo pouch ca 9.1 kg

Trigger pull: 3.5 to 7 kg

Rate of fire: Automatic 14-15 rds./sec (approx. 850 rds./m)

Chamber pressure: ca 3,600 bar

Muzzle velocity-v0: Long barrel ca 925 m/s

Short barrel: ca 875 m/s

Muzzle energy-E0: Depending on ammunition/barrel

Barrel profile/twist: 6 grooves/right-hand twist 180 mm

Effective range: Ca. 400 m – 600 m

Max. range: Ca. 2,700 m

The version for the Norwegian Defense. Matte black or FDE color. 2 M416 magazines or 30-round STANAG magazines. 3 Aimpoint Comp M4 red dot sight and 3x magnification, Triple Rail, different accessories available.

Tactical Long Barrel

Tactical Short Barrel

Tactical Standard

N MINIMI MK3 Upgraded Components are highlighted in black. (Walter Håland)

Buttstock and buffer assembly. (Walter Håland)

Firing standard Ball and standard Tracer (full trajectory control out to normally 800 m)

5.56x45 Armor Piercing 3 significantly increases the war fighters’ lethality. Optimized projectile design with a tungsten carbide core for penetration of hard targets. Penetrates 12 mm RHA 300HB at 100 m and light body armor at normal combat distances.

On the cover rail of the MINIMI 5.56mm is the Aimpoint Comp M4 red dot sight with high battery compartment and 3x magnification, shown with plastic ammo box for a 200-round belt, handgrip, tactical light and Laser Designator (Forsvarets mediearkiv)