On April 24-25, 2013 the Fourth Rheinmetall Infantry Symposium was held in Unterlüß, Lower Saxony, Germany. Once again it was  organized by Rheinmetall Defence’s division of Rheinmetall Weapons and Ammunition. SADJ was there with about two dozen defense media writers invited from three continents.

This year’s Symposium gathered over 200 participants from several countries, mostly European NATO members and neutral countries (Swiss and Sweden), but some more exotic locations were also represented, including Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Many participants were in full dress in their military uniforms, including as many as three generals. The main fare of the Symposium was of course Rheinmetall Defence products, discussed in lectures and displayed in both static and dynamic exhibitions. Other exhibitors included Dynamit Nobel Defence, FN Herstal, General Dynamics, Haix, Heckler & Koch, MEN, Oakley, Rhode & Schwarz, RUAG, Schmidt & Bender, Simunitions 3M/Peltor and Vinghøg.

Over a day and a half of the bi-annual Symposium the participants had an opportunity to hear close to two dozen lectures on a wide range of infantry-themed subjects: from “Improving Explosive Effects Of Dismounted Infantry Firepower,” to “trends in 40mm grenade launchers and ammunition,” to current and future state of shoulder-fired infantry weapons, to operational experiences from Afghanistan and handing over control from ISAF to local government. The Symposium roster was – traditionally – a bit Bazooka/Mortar/Grenade Launcher – heavy, but a static display was a chance to get some hands-on knowledge of lighter stuff, including a brand-new and displayed close-up for the first time Rheinmetall RMG .50 cal. chain gun, hitherto shown only from a distance – and even that through a veil of camouflage netting. Again, demonstrations and lectures about the German Infantryman of the Future (IdZ – Infanterist der Zunkunft, internally at Rheinmetall called the Gladius program) were conspicuously absent – even though numerous elements were displayed at the static exhibition.

Detonation of a 40 mm HEDP grenade piercing a steel slab.

The presentations and lectures were delivered in English to avoid translation, by both the company reps and the ‘end users’, i.e. military personnel from several countries. All were fully relaxed, keeping healthy distance and exhibiting sometimes contagious, and often self-ironic humor. The epitome of that style was a presentation of ‘Operational realities’ or Afghanistan ‘lessons learned’ by the deceptively boyish-looking Capt. Robert Grant of 4 SCOTS, British Army, recounting the finer points of several operations performed by his regiment. It was maybe not even the core lecture that enthused the audience, (which was delivered in a concise, matter-of-fact militarily way, and studded with hard-earned bits of wisdom – transferring in just 15 minutes more valuable information than some other lecturers took three times longer to convey), but the aftermath – that being a slide show of snapshots from the combat tour, some being an embodiment of the famous British sense of humor.

Pictures From the Exhibition
The main star of the show, except of course of the hosts, was Heckler & Koch, whose display was the largest and most frequently besieged. The main points of interest were new models of their flagship infantry carbines: the HK416A5 and HK417A2. The new 416s and 417s do sport a redesigned (front turning knob) gas valve and integral fully ambidextrous controls, in fashionable Flat Dark Earth hard anodizing (internally known at the company as ‘The American Finish’). The 416/417 gas system is of the self-regulating type, initiated by the G36, and the gas-valve is only used for running with a suppressor – other than that (when the valve is set to ‘S’ for Suppressed) it remains always at ‘N’ for Normal.

The ambi-416/417s were mere prototypes and they will still go through modifications – but  rather of petty nature, perhaps the right-side bolt carrier hold-open lever would be replaced with one enabling the manual activation for a chamber check, as the present version has a shelf underneath, precluding that and makes the unfortunate south-paw end-user switch to the other side in order to hold the bolt open manually.

Other already known models were displayed at the HK stand as well, mostly with some small modifications or in arcane configurations, hard to get hands-on when delivered to the target ‘black’ unit. These included a G36 with a RIS-style four rail aluminum handguard, similar to the 416, and a STANAG-compatible ambidextrous magazine well for the G36. A STANAG-compatible 30-round all polymer translucent magazine was on hand, as well as a new rendition of the G36 magazine without the stacking interfaces on the sides – long whined-over by the end-users for wasting space in a magazine pouch and catching on everything precisely while one is in a dire need of a fast reload.

New generation of FN’s Five-seveN, the Mk 2. Not much changed... (Photo courtesy of Remigiusz Wilk)

There was also a big display of the newest HK GPMG, the 7.62-mm HK121, shown with an almost complete set of extras, including spare barrels of different lengths and weights, foregip/extending bipod for Special Forces, several types of butt-stocks (including turret gun spade grips), and a co-ax set (bobbed pistol grip with solenoid trigger and the longer, bull barrel – absent).

The older (though looking like a kid brother in comparison) 5.56mm sibling of the HK121, the MG4 machine gun was also displayed, mounted on the small-arms Vinghøg Buffermount. Other firearms displayed were the P30 pistol with a huge selection of exchangeable grip panels, enabling a tailored grip for every conceivable hand, and the HK GLM side-opening 40mm LV grenade launcher tube with alternative stand-alone kit.

The neighboring Rheinmetall stand offered a wide selection of grenades and mortar bombs, as well as several firearms. The most interest-gathering of these was the MG3 KWS, a modernized, ‘tacticool’ variant of the venerable MG3 GPMG, with a totally new shoulder stock (with adjustable cheek piece, shoulder rest and adjustable rear monopod). Other than that, the weapon has a redesigned fire control group with swiveling safety/selector lever (instead of MG 42 style push-rod), enabling semiautomatic firing, and is fitted with an electronic shot counter. Of course today no weapon can do without Picatinny rails: one was placed on top of the barrel shroud, the other in tandem with it on top of the receiver cover, and a short accessory rail was placed on the left front of the barrel shroud. This latter is asymmetrical because of the barrel changing slot extending along the entire right side of the shroud precluded fitting another on the right front. The 50-round belt is fed from polymer drum magazines (made by HK) during during transfers. This almost 70 years old machine gun is still used by many armies who might possibly be interested in a facelift modernization – even though the Bundeswehr seems poised to switch from the MG3 to the new MG5; being the HK121.

Another version of the new 40mm Medium Velocity grenade launcher were the semiautomatic Hydra and single shot Cerberus as presented by Rheinmetall. The 40mm MV concept (100 mps initial velocity) is intended to span the range gap between the 40mm LV and HV, being used in hand-held launchers.

MG4, HK’s 5.56-mm squad automatic weapon in rare sustained fire role, on a tripod.

Fire Control Systems for automatic grenade launchers were also on display, including the most advanced Vingmate FCS. The latest edition, displayed in Unterlüß, was fitted with a new thermal camera. It was displayed with the HK GMG, but also with two rarely seen AGLs, the American General Dynamics Striker Mk47 and South African Denel Vektor Y3.

Heavier exhibits were displayed at the outdoors display, including the Vinghøg Ring Mount for smaller ACs and APCs. The VRM is a sort of power-operated turret protected by Level 1 or 2 (optional) sides, with additional back protection provided by the hatch lid. The main armament cradle with a proper adapter can take a 40mm automatic grenade launcher or a machine gun (5.56mm SAW, 7.62mm GPMG or .50 cal. HMG). Vertical arc of fire is –15 to +50°, all around. Top frame takes camouflage netting or sun shade. The complete set weighs in at 250 kg (with Level 1 protection).

The Rheinmetal RLS RMG 50 heavy machine gun was also displayed outside, as a part of the Dual FEWAS remote controlled weapon station. Other then the elusive German chain gun with reciprocating barrel and bolt (sort of XM312-esque, but MUCH more compact), the weapon station was armed with two RGW 90 (Matador) shoulder fired recoilless anti-tank launchers by Dynamit Nobel Defence. The turret sports an optoelectronic observation and sighting suite, consisting of day-light CCTV, uncooled thermal camera and laser (IR) rangefinder. The optical suit and armament are the only components of the system not protected by armor. There are two control sets provided, for gun-layer and commander, the vertical arc of fire is –20° to +60°. The main weapon list covers most machine guns or automatic grenade launchers known to mankind at the present date – provided mounted with a proper adapter. So far only DND RWS 90 AT launchers are supported by the DUAL Fewas – but of course The Customer Is Always Right, and proper adapters can be devised for most other systems, should the buyer prefer them to the Matadors.

FN Herstal showed their usual display, of which a most interesting and practical blooper-tube FCU 1.5M sighting module and modernized FiveseveN Mk 2 pistol is worthy of a note. The ‘new’ FiveseveN has a solid (hitherto two-part) slide with metal sights, and controls would now be made out of black, instead light gray plastic. Hardly revolutionary changes.

A metal mock-up of the next generation semiautomatic grenade launcher for 40mm MV ammunition.

Personal equipment from the Gladius program (known in the German Army as the IdZ, Future Infantryman) were on display, including the electronics, sighting equipment, integrated load bearing vest, the cooling vest and uniform – but the item drawing most curious onlookers were undoubtedly the…ballistic knickers! That was a combat underwear with integrated ballistic protection for the soldier’s groin. But the issue here transcends the ease of mind of a grunt – it’s mostly for added protection of the massive blood vessels nearby, mainly the femoral arteries. Hits severing one of these are known to have killed many soldiers within minutes. The garment is of course made out of thermo-active, breathable, moisture wicking technical fabrics with antibacterial characteristics to boot.

Firing Demonstrations
The most flashy part of the Infantry Symposium are day and night firing demonstrations. The night demo is unfortunately not much more than an opportunity to see flares light occasionally punctuated by arcing tracers.  If you’re more into grey-greenish shadows, the hosts have provided a TV display showing the range in NV. During daytime you may actually see what is firing what, where from and where to – although from a distance that is deemed safe by the organizers.

One can see live firing of the various flash-bangs, smoke grenades, hand grenades – including the Air Burst Hand Grenade, which works like hand-thrown version of the WW2 Bouncing Betty mine. After the grenade is thrown, narrow spring steel supports deploy, righting the grenade upon fall. Then a lifting charge is fired, separating the fragmentation unit from the base and throwing the pre-fragmented main unit – being actually a proper grenade – about 1m (3 ft) high, whereas it detonates, extending the kill zone in comparison with other ground-detonating ones.

The current German GPMG, MG3 by Rheinmetall was displayed in a PIP version, called the MG3 KWS tuned with various bells and whistles.

This year a demonstration of the Fly-K Silent Mortar was finally held. Functionally, the Fly-K is a reincarnation of the spigot mortar – like the WW2 British Blacker Bombard or PIAT – with looks of a Japanese Type 89 ‘Knee Mortar.’ The mortar bomb (looking rather like a rifle grenade) is being impaled upon the spigot inside the cup-like barrel part of the mortar. Inside the spigot there is a Double-Action-Only trigger mechanism, firing the propelling charge inside the grenade. The bomb itself is on the light side (approx. 0.8 kg), so a charge to propel it to 800 meters isn’t exactly large. Thanks to that, at mere 100 meters from the firing position the measured report is just 54 dB! This could be corroborated on the spot – from a camera pit 50 meters distant from the Fly-K position, we witnessed the demo with earmuffs removed. The brochures were right – it really is as loud as a champagne pop or clap of your hands. Moreover, the day-time demo enabled the mortar to show its mettle – shattering the old adage, that a mortar is a high-angle-only weapon. This mortar can be fired Line of Sight – but of course at a much shorter distance. Anyway, in a pinch it’s definitely better to have a weapon able to fire bombs LOS at 200-300 meters, than not to have one at all. The Special Forces potential of the Fly-K is obvious, enabling massed surprise bombardment of enemy positions. With a practical rate of fire within 12-16 rpm range, this weapon is hardly audible at 100 meters, while sending bombs to 800 meters. Before the first bomb impacts on target 800 meters apart, the crew would be able to pop 6 bombs and scoot to another location to renew bombardment.

Another demonstration was held of the programmable 40mm HV ammunition – and again, it was impressive. Two 5-round bursts from an HK GMG fitted with the Vinghøg Vingmate FCS produced 10 airbursts at precisely the same spot, that is, 1 meter over the roof of a target automobile at 500 meters. That’s impressive accuracy, and you could see dozens of small holes pierced in both the automobile and wooden witness silhouettes located around. Most of these fragments would have been intercepted by body armor or helmet, but there were enough of these to find some unprotected spot and do damage.

After the demo was finished, guests were invited to acquire hands-on time experience with HK and FN small arms, including the grenade launchers. Not much to relate there, except for the FN rep’s ballet, who had to single-load the Minimi, because German safety regulations precluded anyone but Rheinmetall personnel to go fully automatic, despite a) firing from a reinforced cubicle with no way to impart a shot anywhere except down range, and b) most of the audience being active service military personnel trained to use machine guns. The HK stand just substituted the machinegun with another 416 rifle, and were ready to go.

The FN FCU 1.5M grenade launcher sight might not be smaller or lighter, but it is centered and nothing moves outwardly. The red display at the back shows the rangefinder read-out – now it’s time to readjust the aim, if the first measurement was wrong.

On the other end of the firing line 40mm LV grenade launchers were used, fitted with automated sighting modules, provided by both HK and FN. The Heckler and Koch table offered the AG-HK416b slung under the HK416 fitted with the FelVIS. This a rectangular block the size of two cigarette boxes with an Aimpoint T1 precariously perched on top, clinging for dear life from the left side rail of the RIS-style forend. A cable with pressure plate switch goes from the box to the pistol grip. The shooter aligns the red dot with the target and presses the switch, while keeping the dot spot-on. The target is thus lazed and distance is measured, with data sent to a ballistic computer inside the box. On release of pressure, the firing solution worked out by the computer is executed, whereas the whole box tilts around the horizontal axis to an angle, re-aligning the red dot with the target would set proper elevation to send the grenade to the point of aim. An additional display underneath shows if the rifle is set vertically. With red dot on target and a cant display on vertical, you should hit the target upon squeezing the trigger. Despite scant and accidental experience with a grenade launcher, I was able to achieve a direct hit at a 300 meters target with second shot – but it took way too long for a combat scenario. The sighting module changes the weapon’s center of gravity (all the weight is on one side), sticks out of the weapon (a hard-knock magnet of unbelievable proportions), and can be vulnerable to both battlefield debris or abuse. The most annoying thing about it however, was the need to focus the eyesight at the same instant both on target 300 meters apart and a canting indicator right in front of one’s face. The low-tech solution was obvious to us within 10 seconds – use a sight displaying a cross reticle not a dot and discard the canting sensor.

Which is exactly what the designer of the FN FCU 1.5M grenade launcher sight module did. The Belgian sight was fitted on EGLM module of the SCAR platform, here used in a stand-alone mode. The cubic capacity of the FN sight is probably the same as the HK unit, but it is straddling the centerline, so it doesn’t cant the whole thing. Also, the sensor unit, collimating sight and ballistic computer are built into a fixed box – nothing here moves outside. The operation is the same as its Teutonic competitor: sight, press, release, elevate the rifle until aligned with the reticle, hold breath, press trigger and pray. The only additional display shows distance readout, and you don’t need it all to aim the weapon properly. It is useful, however, if you wrongly mark the target: I was aiming at 200 meters, while the display flashed ‘105’ and I immediately knew something is wrong. Another measurement was point on, and I was good to go then. Now the FN sight has a large cross, almost European # 4 hunting reticle, which is a built-in low-tech canting sensor. Even if the ground is uneven, and you can’t trust the horizontal line, you just keep the vertical on, and it still does the trick. You only got one sight picture to hold, no additional displays to help you lose the focus. And the result was a rewarding sight of an (almost) headshot with a 40mm grenade at 200 meters!

Eurosatory – the largest military and small arms defense show in Europe opened June 11 – 15, 2012 to exhibitors from more than 60 countries.  Representing small arms, medium and large caliber gun systems, vehicles, aircraft, and missiles, the exhibition was well attended by visitors from around the world.

Australia and New Zealand debut the F90
The F90 was debuted by Thales at Eurosatory 2012.  The F88, the former battle rifle used by the Australian and New Zealand land forces, was redesigned and refit into the F90 by Thales and Steyr Mannlicher.  The new F90 is identical to the EF-88 rifle (the enhanced F88), and is based upon the F88 platform that has been in use by Australian and New Zealand land forces since the 1980s.

The weapon’s open architecture incorporates a NATO tri-rail system and optional NATO magazines, while a growth path allows for the fitting of centralised power, as well as data and powered rails.  The rifles are currently being built in Australia at the Lithgow facility under license from Steyr Mannlicher.  Built in five variants the F90, F90(G) which features a 40mm grenade launcher, F90M (a marksman variant), F90M(G) (the marksman variant with a 40mm grenade launcher) and the F90 CQB (a short barreled variant).

Battling Minigun Pods
For several years, Dillon Aero and Garwood Industries (Now Profense LLC) have been going toe-to-toe in the M134 manufacturing business.  Surprisingly, both companies have decided to offer a Minigun pod for close air support aircraft and rotary wing aircraft.  Miniguns are nothing new, having been developed by Richard Gatling in the 1860s.  General Electric produced the M134 for use on the UH-1 Huey helicopter.  Pods for the M134 (designated the SUU-11/A by the U.S. Air Force and the M18 by the U.S. Army) are nothing new, having been developed and manufactured by other defense contractors through the years.

Nevertheless, in the ongoing battle between the only two U.S. based Minigun manufacturers, both have decided to introduce a Minigun pod of their own manufacture.  Both pods appear to be well made and designed, and it was impossible to determine whether either model was better than the other while at a trade show.  Dillon Aero reports that their pod is specifically designed to be used on small fixed wing aircraft, such as the Embraer Tucano or Hawker Beechcraft AT-6 aircraft.  Time will tell whether either pod is adopted or contracted for mass production.

Lewis Machine and Tool – L129 A1 Mod
Adopted in 2010, the L129A1 UK mode continues to impress.  Designed and manufactured by Lewis Machine & Tool Co (LMT) based on a requirement and specification for an accurate long range semi-automatic 7.62mm rifle.  A match grade 16-inch “cut rifled” barrel, manufactured from stainless steel, was selected for the application.  The design allows the barrel to be readily changed for one of a different length, quickly changing the role of the rifle from sniping to close protection or CQB.  The L129A1 rifle also features LMT’s two-stage precision trigger, for improved performance.

Law Enforcement International with the Lewis Machine and Tool L129A1 DMR, adopted by the UK MOD in 2010.

Heckler and Koch – G28 DMR Rifle in .308
The G28 is Heckler and Koch’s entry into the crowded 7.62×51 Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR) category.  Utilizing the proven HK417 platform, the G28 is capable of 1.5 MOA accuracy with a high degree of first round hit probability to 600 meters.  Like the HK417, the G28 is a piston system with an adjustable gas regulator to allow for suppressor use.

One should recall that Heckler and Koch has led the way with the DMR, even before there the DMR designation was created.  The venerable PSG1 rifle – rebuilt and upgraded into the PSG1 A1 rifle – has sub-MOA accuracy and is one of the grand-daddies of 7.62 caliber sniper rifles.

Chemring Bangalore Torpedoes
Thought Bangalore torpedoes were relegated to use on a forgotten Pacific island back in the early 1940s?  Guess again.  Chemring Energetics manufactures new production Bangalore Torpedoes for those situations where obstacles on the battlefield just need to go away.  Featuring a one-meter aluminum body filled with two kilograms of DPX1 pressed explosive, the system may be assembled into a maximum 8-section assembly.  Once detonated, the DPX1 explosive is capable of defeating razor wire and cutting steel plate up to 6mm in thickness.

Mr. Sergei Kalinin of Tsniitochmash with a Russian 9.3mm SMG.

The system may be initiated via electric and non-electric detonators, shock tube, det-cord boosters, or an integrated firing device.  Finally, the system meets STANAG 4497 guidance on the design for hand emplaced munitions.

Camero Micro-Power Radar
What adolescent boy has not wished he could see though walls?  Ever wish you could see through walls with x-ray vision?  Camero Tech of Israel has developed a micro-power radar system that allows for just that – the ability to see through walls.  Three hand held variants were on display – the Xaver 100, 400, and 800 models, which based upon size and power, allow for greater range, depth, and the ability to “see” through walls.  The systems are ready to go at the push of a button, with no warm up time.

The Xaver 400 model has a 20 meter (65 foot) detection range, and is able to track both static and moving targets.  Completely radiation safe, the systems meet the limitations of international radiation exposure restrictions.

Camero is a part of the SK Group, a leading global defense and security group that includes Israel Weapons Industries (IWI), Meprolight, Israel Shipyards, PI Systems, and Uniscope, all based within Israel.

Chemring Energetics Bangalore Torpedoes.

SIG Arms
SIG Arms displayed the SAN511-2, a SIG Arms built .50 BMG magazine fed semiautomatic rifle.  Utilizing a rotary bolt within an aluminum receiver, the barrel is free-floated and suppressor capable.  Five configurations are offered with varying barrel lengths (17.5”, 22”, 27.5”, 32”, and 36” barrel lengths) with a side folding butt stock.  All configurations are fed from a five-round box magazine,

Gilboa APR
A number of short M16 platforms were on display by Gilboa, another Israeli company making a splash at Eurosatory.  Most of their systems were based upon a short stroke M16 platform, allowing very compact rifle and pistol systems.  Of note was the shortest variant, the Gilboa APR, featuring a 5.7-inch barrel.  Including a detachable butt stock, the platform may be transformed from a rifle to a pistol for added reduction in size.  The APR also features a side charging handle within the upper receiver of the firearm in addition to the traditional charging handle.  While the APR in pistol configuration was difficult to employ with any accuracy, the system was a very small and compact package that may have tactical use in limited circumstances.

Eurosatory 2012 was a great success and offered a glimpse into the international arms market.  Hosted on a biennial basis, the next show is scheduled for June 16 – 20, 2014 in Paris, France.  Additional information regarding the show can be found at www.eurosatory.com.

However, earlier this year the competition was criticized by the Defense Department, resulting in the Army announcing in May the suspension of the tests amid rumors of imminent cancellation. To forestall this, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee voted in June in favor of an amendment to the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act which would require the Army to complete the competition. Only a few days later the situation changed again, with the Army announcing that “the Individual Carbine (IC) competition will formally conclude without the selection of a winner. None of the carbines evaluated during the testing phase of the competition met the minimum scoring requirement needed to continue to the next phase of the evaluation.” It appears that the high-pressure M855A1 EPR ammunition used in the tests caused problems with achieving the reliability target.

In parallel with the competition, the Army has been running an improvement program for an M4A1 Carbine, involving the replacement of the 3-round burst with automatic fire and the provision of a heavier barrel (with further improvements planned), and orders for the this improved version have already begun to be placed. The winner of the carbine competition was supposed to be tested against the improved M4A1 to determine which should be purchased in the future. The Army now plans to continue acquiring the M4A1.

U.S. M4 Carbine fired from ship with ACOG optic. (Chris Bartocci)

At the same time, there has been an apparent cooling of interest in the Army’s Lightweight Small Arms Technologies (LSAT) program, involving the development of advanced caseless and plastic-cased telescoped 5.56mm ammunition and associated machine guns and carbines.  The weight savings achieved with the prototypes have been in the order of 40%, but the recent statements by the Army indicate that there are no plans to procure a production weapon, at least for the time being.  Presumably the new production facilities required for both guns and ammunition are a factor, coupled with the fact that substantial weight savings are also being achieved by prototype polymer/metal hybrid versions of conventional cartridge cases fired from conventional guns – a technology involving far less cost and risk.

So if both the new carbine and LSAT are out of the picture (at least for the time being), what next?  Will the U.S. Army continue to rely on the 5.56mm M4A1 for the foreseeable future?  Or will the opportunity be taken to rethink the characteristics of the standard infantry rifle, which will necessarily involve changing the performance requirements of the ammunition?  A Congressional study currently underway indicates that the possibility of a change in caliber may be seriously considered.

The Congressional Study
The House of Representatives Report 112-705 on the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 was published in December 2012. Section 158, titled Study on Small Arms and Small Caliber Ammunition Capabilities, included the following provisions:

“Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall enter into a contract with a federally funded research and development center to conduct a study on the requirements analysis and determination processes and capabilities of the Department of Defense with respect to small arms and small-caliber ammunition that carries out each of the following:

(A) A comparative evaluation of the current military small arms in use by the Armed Forces, including general purpose and special operations forces, and select military equivalent commercial candidates not necessarily in use militarily but currently available.

(B) A comparative evaluation of the standard small-caliber ammunition of the Department with other small-caliber ammunition alternatives.

(C) An assessment of the current plans of the Department to modernize the small arms and small-caliber ammunition capabilities of the Department.

(D) An assessment of the requirements analysis and determination processes of the Department for small arms and small-caliber ammunition.”

Vietnam 1965. U.S. rifle M16 E1 with forward assist and 3 prong flash hider. (Chris Bartocci)

Further paragraphs specify that this study shall take into account a number of factors, including current and future operating environments, capability gaps in small arms and small-caliber ammunition identified by the Department, and the results of any studies carried out by the Department of Defense Small Arms and Small-Caliber Ammunition defense support team.

The Secretary is required to submit to the congressional defense committees a report containing the results of this study no later than September 30, 2013.

The story behind this study is complex but of considerable significance.

The Background – NATO Ammunition
The current NATO rifle and machine gun cartridges on which this congressional study will be focusing are the 5.56mm and 7.62mm rounds.  The 7.62mm (technically, 7.62×51) was developed in the USA and adopted by NATO in the 1950s in order to obtain one standard, all-purpose small-arms cartridge used by all NATO nations and interchangeable between the weapons of NATO armed forces.

The 7.62mm NATO proved to be hard-hitting and long-ranged, but the experience of fighting in Vietnam began to reveal some disadvantages: it was unnecessarily powerful, requiring heavy guns to fire it, generated too much recoil for automatic rifle fire to be controllable, and the ammunition weight limited the quantity that could be carried, especially important for machine guns.  Meanwhile, the enemy was supplied with light and compact Kalashnikov carbines that fired the less powerful 7.62×39 Russian cartridge and were thereby capable of effective automatic fire.

The U.S. forces acquired some lightweight M16 automatic rifles in the 1960s, intended as an interim solution, using a new 5.56×45 cartridge made by Remington.  After initial teething problems this gun and ammunition combination proved well suited to the close-quarter jungle fighting and saw increasing use throughout the army, eventually virtually replacing 7.62mm M14 rifles in the U.S inventory.  The 7.62×51 ammunition was mainly retained for use in machine guns and sniper rifles.

By the 1970s there was a clear consensus among the NATO nations that a smaller and less powerful cartridge should be adopted to supplement the 7.62mm.  At the end of that decade the 5.56×45 was chosen, albeit in a new loading with a longer effective range, known as the SS109 (or M855 in U.S. service).  Various automatic rifles and light machine guns were developed to use this cartridge, which weighs only half as much as the 7.62mm round and also generates much less recoil.  The effective range was acknowledged to be shorter than the 7.62×51, but it was comparable with the Russian 7.62×39 and the newer 5.45×39 Kalashnikov rounds, and was deemed to be adequate for the battle conditions expected in a European war.  In many NATO armies, 5.56mm weapons entirely replaced 7.62mm ones at squad level, with the heavier 7.62mm machine guns being moved back to the support role.

Soldier on patrol in Vietnam in the mid 1960s with a U.S. rifle, 7.62mm M14 w/ 20-round magazine. (Chris Bartocci)

The Small-Caliber Ammunition Problem 1: Effectiveness
The first concerns about the performance of the 5.56mm M855 began to appear after the fighting in Somalia in 1993, when some U.S. troops complained that the bullets were often proving to be ineffective even at short range.  Similar anecdotes appeared following the invasion of Iraq in 2003, but were countered by other examples of the ammunition’s effectiveness.  It took some time and much laboratory research to discover what was going on.  It was found that the effectiveness of the M855 bullet varied considerably, depending on its angle of yaw when it struck the target.  Yaw in flight affects all pointed bullets to some degree, but the M855 proved to be unusually sensitive to this, resulting in dramatic variations in its effectiveness.

After this problem was identified, work commenced in the U.S. to develop 5.56mm bullets that would deliver more consistent effects.  The U.S. Army wanted at the same time to convert to “green” (i.e. lead-free) ammunition, due to concerns about lead build-up on practice ranges.  A protracted development effort during the 2000s eventually resulted in the M855A1, known initially as the LFS (lead-free slug) and subsequently as the EPR (Enhanced Performance Round), which began to enter service in 2010.  This replaces the lead core with a copper one but retains the steel tip intended to give the M855 enhanced penetration, although this is larger and is exposed instead of being concealed within the jacket.  It is claimed that the M855A1 delivers improved terminal performance and penetration.  However, to provide such performance from the short-barreled M4 carbine, the chamber pressure is higher than the M855 (apparently 62,000+ psi instead of 55,000 psi), reportedly resulting in increased barrel wear and a reduced gun life.

In the meantime, the U.S. Marine Corps became impatient with the long development of the M855A1 and acquired an entirely different new loading of the 5.56mm, the MK318 Mod 0 SOST (Special Operations Science & Technology).  This is basically a copper-alloy bullet with a lead core in the nose.  It is said to provide both more consistent anti-personnel performance and improved barrier penetration – an inherent weakness of the light 5.56mm bullets, which cannot plough through as much material as the heavy 7.62mm.

These new loadings may go some way towards resolving the erratic short-range effectiveness that afflicts the M855.  It is unlikely that they will ever achieve NATO standardization, however, since neither of them complies with the wording of the Hague convention of 1899 (subsequently subsumed into the Geneva Conventions), which bans the use of “bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as bullets with a hard envelope which does not entirely cover the core, or is pierced with incisions.”  In neither the M855A1 nor the MK318 does the bullet jacket enclose the tip.  U.S. lawyers argue that the Hague wording was intended to prohibit expanding bullets, and as neither of the new 5.56mm loadings are designed to expand they comply with the spirit of the Conventions, but British and some other NATO lawyers take a more literal view of the text.

The Small-Caliber Ammunition Problem 2: Range
An additional and even more serious problem with the 5.56mm became evident in the open-country fighting that has characterized much of the conflict in Afghanistan.  The maximum effective range of the NATO cartridge depends very much on the circumstances and particularly on any crosswinds, since the little bullet is relatively easily blown off course at longer ranges as well as shedding energy rapidly.  While acknowledging that the gun and ammunition combination is capable of precision long-range shooting in the right hands, many military sources therefore put the practical effective range in the 300-400 meter bracket.

The insurgent forces opposing the ISAF troops quickly noted this shortfall and began to make more use of their PKM light machine guns and SVD rifles rather than the AKM carbines, since these guns fire the old 7.62x54R Russian round, which is at least as powerful and long-ranged as the 7.62×51 NATO.  The result is that the normally expected 300 meter limit for most small-arms engagements was suddenly extended to 900 meters, with some reports indicating that more than half of the insurgent attacks were being launched from 500 meters or more.  5.56mm weapons were never intended to cope with such long-range engagements, and they cannot effectively do so.

Furthermore, the 5.56mm weapons are much worse at suppression (one of the primary functions of small-arms), partly because the bullets are less likely to pass close by the target due to wind drift, partly because the sonic bang they make is quieter since that is linked to bullet weight.  As a result, 5.56mm fire has little suppressive effect at longer ranges, according to a 2009 British Army study into target suppression in combat.

The result of this range crisis was that ISAF forces rushed their old 7.62×51 weapons back into the infantry squad as quickly as possible, even manually-loaded bolt-action sniper rifles being pressed into service.  Thousands of old self-loading M14 rifles were updated and re-issued to U.S. troops, and new 7.62mm rifles and LMGs have been acquired by several armies.  The existing 7.62mm FN General-Purpose Machine Gun (M240) in common use by ISAF forces made a welcome return to the front line, but with the most unwelcome consequence of increased weight.  Western infantry is already burdened by massive combat loads, and doubling the weight of ammunition belts to be carried just adds to that problem.  But as the PM Soldier Weapons Assessment Team reported in 2010: “lethality trumps weight reduction when extended ranges are required.”

To add insult to injury, the insurgents’ PKM machine gun is only about two-thirds of the weight of the M240, despite having a similar performance.  Some armies have therefore acquired the FN 7.62mm Minimi (MK48) to replace at least part of the 5.56mm inventory, but that does nothing to reduce the ammunition burden.

In summation, recent combat experience has shown that, even with improvements in effectiveness, which are unlikely to prove acceptable across NATO, the 5.56mm cartridge is inadequate at extended small-arms ranges.  This should not have caused any surprise as the little cartridge was never designed for that.  In contrast, the 7.62mm does the job, but is too heavy and generates too much recoil.  So NATO is left carrying two small-arms suites in two calibers, neither of which is satisfactory in providing the basis for a standard rifle and machine gun weapon system.

M4 Carbine. (Chris Bartocci)

What that means on the ground is that infantry patrols routinely carry weapons in both calibers, since they are unlikely to know in advance whether any small arms engagements will be at long range, short range or both.  The obvious problem that this causes is that only those with 7.62mm weapons will be able to engage the enemy effectively at long range, while only those with 5.56mm weapons will be well-equipped for close combat such as house-clearing.  So in most engagements, only a part of each squad will be fully effective.  The two-caliber solution also causes issues with ammunition sharing and resupply.

Studies Into Alternative Calibers
The question implicitly being asked by the congressional study is really this: is there a viable alternative to the existing two calibers?  Can one general-purpose cartridge have the characteristics necessary to match or beat the 7.62mm at long range, while weighing a lot less and developing much less recoil?  Several studies suggest that this is entirely feasible.  Just to focus on the most recent and relevant ones, reports from both ARDEC (the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center) and AMU (the U.S. Army Marksmanship Unit) point the way forward.  Neither report has been released to the public, but some of their findings have become known.

An ARDEC review in 2009-10 examined several different calibers for future infantry rifles in terms of performance metrics that included: penetration; terminal effectiveness; accuracy; initial, retained and striking energy; wind drift; stowed kills; and recoil.  5.56mm and 7.62mm rounds were compared with 6mm, 6.35mm and 6.8mm, in all cases when loaded with lead-free copper and steel bullets to represent the EPR.  The outcome of the study was that both 6.35mm and 6.8mm comprehensively outperformed the others in their overall balance of characteristics.

In 2011-12 AMU also carried out a study into the optimum cartridge for a future infantry carbine, and concluded that the cartridge length and diameter should be greater than 5.56×45, the caliber should be 6.5mm and the muzzle energy around 2,500 J.  Low-drag bullets would be used to provide good long-range performance, enabling the smaller bullet to catch up with and eventually beat the 7.62mm in terms of retained velocity and energy, flatness of trajectory and wind drift.

It isn’t just the U.S. which is conducting such studies.  The Department of Applied Military Science in Canada recently carried out a Small Arms Intermediate Calibre Study as part of their Small Arms Modernization and Small Arms Replacement Projects.  They compared the external ballistics of the 5.56mm and 7.62mm NATO with commercially available 6.5mm and 6.8mm rounds of intermediate power, and concluded that the 6.5mm round firing low-drag bullets delivered by far the best long-range ballistics, including resistance to wind drift.

The case for such a general-purpose cartridge was strongly made in a report that emerged from the U.S. Army’s Program Executive Office Soldier in 2011: Soldier Battlefield Effectiveness. This analysis covers a lot of ground but the following quotes concerning the ideal characteristics of future infantry rifles and their ammunition are the most relevant:

“A Soldier must be able to engage the threat he’s faced with – whether it’s at eight meters or 800.”

“To be effective in all scenarios, a Soldier needs to have true “general purpose” rounds in his weapon magazine that are accurate and effective against a wide range of targets.”

“Weapons…. must be accurate and capable of engaging the enemy at overmatch distances.”

Early M16 w/ no forward assist, waffle magazine and duckbill flash suppressor (Vietnam). (Chris Bartocci)

The Options
Are there any cartridges available off-the-shelf that could provide the basis for the general-purpose round identified by ARDEC and AMU?  A survey of existing commercial ammunition indicates “not quite.”  There are some powerful 6.5mm cartridges, such as the 6.5×47 Lapua and .260 Remington, which comprehensively outperform the 7.62mm in virtually every respect, but they provide little in the way of weight or recoil reductions.  Conversely, there are some smaller cartridges, particularly the 6.8mm Remington and 6.5mm Grendel, which meet the weight targets and are almost good enough but have been handicapped through being limited to the same overall length as the 5.56mm round in order to fit into modified 5.56mm weapons.

On paper, the 6.5mm Grendel can deliver the kind of performance identified by AMU.  However, that is only by using a long barrel and firing lead-cored target bullets.  A shorter barrel, more typical of current military practice, requires a more powerful cartridge to achieve the same performance.  Furthermore, a lead-free bullet will be longer than a lead-cored one of the same weight, thereby extending further into the case and usurping space needed for propellant; this is even more true of tracer bullets.  Finally, any new cartridge must be suitable for adaptation to a polymer/metal hybrid case to save yet more weight, but such cases are thicker and thereby reduce the propellant space some more.  Add all of these factors together and it is clear that the Grendel, while coming closer than anything else, doesn’t have enough case capacity to deliver the performance needed to replace the 7.62mm.

Where Next?
If the congressional study results in a demand for a standard infantry cartridge a new one will be needed, roughly half-way in caliber, size, weight and power between the 5.56mm and 7.62mm rounds, but with a superior long-range performance due to the use of a low-drag bullet.  Analyses of the requirements for such a cartridge keep zeroing in on a caliber of around 6.5mm and muzzle energy of about 2,500 Joules.  It would not be difficult to develop such a cartridge and adapt existing rifle and MG designs to fire it.

Despite the emphasis on the ammunition, acquiring new weapons in a new caliber would not be sufficient by itself to obtain the maximum benefit from the improvement in long-range performance.  Advanced sights will be needed, capable (as a minimum) of measuring the range and adjusting the aiming point accordingly.  Adequate training will also be needed for soldiers to get the most from the systems.

Finally, for those concerned about the cost to change to a new caliber and weapon system, it should be noted that the driver for change is the needs of the dismounted infantry.  Other branches of the armed forces could be expected to keep 5.56mm carbines in a self-defense role for the foreseeable future, and most vehicle-mounted 7.62mm machine guns also would not require rapid replacement, so the changeover could be phased over a long period.

The long-running debate over the optimum military small-arms caliber has been growing in volume in recent years, with interest in a new approach being expressed within several NATO armies.  Perhaps this congressional study will at last provide the impulse to take some practical steps to resolving this issue.

This same rifle remains in service with the Hong Kong Garrison of the PLA, a force that boasts carefully selected personnel of only the highest mettle and discipline.  Interestingly, Chinese soldiers are rarely seen outside their barracks to ensure their image goes untarnished in the territory, and perhaps at the same time to prevent them from being ‘tarnished’ by Hong Kong’s more liberal philosophies than those espoused in communist China.  This article examines the important Type 95 rifle in service with the PLA, utilizing information gained from the author’s long-time residence in Hong Kong.

It is unclear how large the Hong Kong Garrison is, with even the Hong Kong government confessing it does not know.  However, the best estimates put the number of troops stationed in the territory somewhere between 4,000 and 5,000.  It may not be a large garrison strategically for the PLA, but it does represent a politically symbolic force for the Chinese government.  The Hong Kong Garrison is unique in that it integrates PLA, PLA Navy (PLAN) and PLA Air Force (PLAAF) contingents in one combined-arms battle group.  The core of the PLA ground force is infantry battalions supported by helicopters and 6×6 armored vehicles.

Soldiers play the role of Red Force (the ‘good guys’) during a simulated battle at the San Wai Barracks. The nearest soldier has a laser duel simulation device on the barrel of his QBZ95 rifle.

Description
The Qing Buqiang Zu 95 (QBZ, literally ‘Light Rifle Family’) is a bullpup design with the action and magazine located behind the grip and trigger assembly.  While a number of sources write weapon designations with a hyphen (e.g. QBZ-95), the PLA does not use a hyphen in its nomenclature and so this article follows this convention for the sake of accuracy.  The QBZ95 is now the standard firearm of the PLA, and it is produced by Arsenal 266 of China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) and Arsenal 296 of Jianshe Corporation, China South Industries Group Corporation (CSGC).  It is also widely used by the People’s Armed Police (PAP) and other law enforcement agencies within the People’s Republic of China (PRC).

Development of the weapon began in the late 1980s, and by 1995 its design had received certification (hence its Type 95 designation).  It followed on from NORINCO’s unsuccessful QBZ87 (Type 87) rifle.  The Type 95 replaced the incumbent 7.62mm Type 81 assault rifle (an AK-47 copy), and at the time it represented a distinct departure from previous designs owing to its bullpup configuration.  Its housing was manufactured from polymers, and it was designed specifically to fire the new Chinese-developed 5.8x42mm round known as the DBP87 that had been developed in the late 1980s.  The small-caliber mild steel-cored bullet can be likened to the NATO 5.56x45mm SS109 and Russian 5.45x39mm cartridge, although China claims its cartridge is superior in terms of penetration, flatter trajectory and higher retained velocity.  Nevertheless, it is important to recognize such assertions could emanate from Chinese rhetoric.  In actual fact, for budgetary reasons, the DBP87 cartridge used cheap and corrosive powder, as well as lacquered steel casings, that affected performance.  The DBP87 and updated DBP95 cartridge that weigh 4.26g have a muzzle velocity of 930m/s when fired from the Type 95 rifle.

By 2006, the Type 95 rifle had pretty much replaced the Type 81 in frontline units.  Although the latter has continued in service in most PAP units and second-line PLA units, it is gradually being supplanted by its successor.  A bayonet can be fitted and the QBZ95 can also launch rifle grenades from the muzzle using special blank ammunition.  Another accessory is the 35mm QLG91B (Type 91B) under-barrel grenade launcher.  Weighing 1.45kg and measuring 310mm in length, this breech-loading grenade launcher can fire both lethal and nonlethal rounds (tear gas, high explosive and illumination).  It can thus be used to disperse crowds during anti-riot missions.  A grenade’s muzzle velocity is officially listed as 75m/s.

The Type 95 rifle was first seen publicly when the Hong Kong Garrison arrived on 1 July 1997. The change to a new 5.8mm caliber was a surprise move on China’s part. These are Special Forces reconnaissance soldiers.

Similar to other modern rifles, China’s QBZ95 operates with a short-stroke, gas-operated piston and rotating bolt.  The rifle has an integrated carrying handle that incorporates the rear sight and mounting points for optical or night vision scopes.  The standard open sight is graduated from 100-500m.  Official data obtained from the PLA lists the weapon’s weight as 3.5kg and its length as 746mm.  Its maximum effective range is 400m.

The selector switch is located, very inconveniently, at the left rear of the receiver behind the magazine housing.  It has three settings: 0 (safe); 1 (semiautomatic); and 2 (fully automatic).  It can still fire, even after complete immersion in water, as witnessed in televised tests.  It is claimed the rifle is more controllable in automatic fire mode because of the small-caliber 5.8mm bullet and effective recoil buffer system.  Because the Type 95 has not been directly observed in conflicts, it is difficult to draw overall conclusions about the weapon’s combat effectiveness.

The 30-round magazine inserts into the magazine well behind the pistol grip.  It is inserted front first and then rocked into position in similar fashion to an AK-47.  The magazine is released by pressing the magazine release rearwards and pivoting the magazine forward to disengage.  The charging handle is positioned on top of the receiver under the integrated carrying handle.  It is pulled fully to the rear and then released forward to chamber a round.

This is the QJB95, the Light Support Weapon variant of the QBZ95 extended family. Observe the 75-round magazine as well as the bipod and telescopic sight. It offers a longer reach with its 600m range.

The bullpup design has proved somewhat controversial, with some infantrymen complaining it is not well suited to accurate shooting at distances longer than close-quarter battle (CQB) ranges.  On the other hand, its shorter length and greater maneuverability are appreciated.  In 2003, NORINCO revealed a new QBZ03 (Type 03) assault rifle of conventional design that also fires the 5.8mm DBP87 round.  The QBZ03 appeared in the hands of airborne troops in the 60th Anniversary parade in Beijing in 2009, but it is unclear how widely it has proceeded into service with the PLA.  Some have speculated that its introduction suggested the QBZ95 was not fully satisfactory in the eyes of the Chinese military.  However, as the following section on the modified QBZ95-1 indicates, the PLA clearly plans to stick with the Type 95 design.

QBZ95-1 Modifications
After extended experience in the field, several issues with the QBZ95 needed addressing and these were rectified in the modified QBZ95-1 (sometimes wrongly referred to as the QBZ95 Gai or ‘G’; Gai translates as ‘Modified’).  The QBZ95 had also drawn criticism for being rushed into production too quickly for political purposes in order to meet Hong Kong’s handover deadline in 1997.

Certainly, the new type is more reliable and easier to use thanks to improved ergonomics.  For example, its greatest flaw was the safety switch awkwardly located far from the shooter’s hand, making it difficult to rapidly move from ‘safe’ to ‘fire’ modes.  In the QBZ95-1, this selector switch has been repositioned above the pistol grip, allowing the operator to use his thumb to quickly transition to ‘fire.’

These Special Forces soldiers have most interesting additions to their weapons. They are QBZ95 rifles fitted with red-dot aiming sights on the carrying handle, as well as pairs of flashlights fitted to the muzzle.

Another problem was that spent casings were expelled from an ejector port on the right side of the weapon, meaning the weapon could not be fired left-handed.  No version existed with the ejector port on the left side.  However, the new type moves the port forward by approximately 5mm and it now ejects casings at a 45º angle to allow, theoretically at least, left-handed firing. A bolt hold-open button is now found behind the magazine port too.

The first QBZ95-1 rifles were seen in early 2010 whilst undergoing trials.  However, it took time for the modernized type to reach frontline units.  Again, the first formation to publicly unveil the Type 95-1 was the Hong Kong Garrison, with these being first observed in July 2012 on the occasion of a military parade in honor of President Hu Jintao at Shek Kong Airbase in Hong Kong.

The QBZ95-1 is designed for the new 5.8x42mm DBP10 round.  The DBP10 features non-corrosive primer, clean-burning propellant and copper-coated steel casings.  The bullet body reportedly has a copper-alloy jacket and hardened steel core.  The weapon has a longer and heavier barrel to give better accuracy and to cope with this heavier round, which will eventually become standard on all Chinese 5.8mm weapons.  The rifle’s muzzle brake is also redesigned to compensate for the heavier round.  The hand guard has a more diamond-shaped cross-section that better dissipates heat from the barrel.

As well as the aforementioned thumb-operated fire selector switch repositioned above the pistol grip, the QBZ95-1 can be quickly identified by the stronger butt stock and redesigned trigger guard.  The front grip/trigger guard combination has been deleted, and this will allow custom front grips to be added in the future, plus installation of the 35mm quick-firing QLG10A grenade launcher, although the author has not yet seen this device in service.

A member of the Hong Kong Garrison provides covering fire with his Type 95 assault rifle. All Chinese soldiers are taught to fire right-handed because of the position of the ejection port.

The weapon retains a quick-release mount rail on the carrying handle, which has been lowered to allow more comfortable integration of scopes and sights.  A pair of short rails at the base of the front sight allows soldiers to mount proprietary tactical accessories such as flashlights, laser sights and other accessories.  The fluorescent illumination dots on the front sight have been replaced by a pair of long-lasting tritium illumination dots.  As the new type is introduced, older QBZ95 weapons will be handed down to second-line and reserve troops within the PLA.

According to official information from the PLA, the QBZ95-1 weighs 3.3kg (100g less than its predecessor).  It is 744mm long and its maximum effective range remains the same at 400m.  As before, the new type is available as a whole family line, including the QBZ95B-1 Carbine and QJB95-1 Light Support Weapon.  It is likely the QBZ95-1 will continue to evolve, with the most obvious next step being the addition of a common mounting system such as the Mil-Std 1913 Picatinny rail instead of the current proprietary Chinese mounting system.

Variants
There are three basic variants of the QBZ95.  Specifically these are the standard assault rifle as already discussed above, plus a shortened Carbine and a Light Support Weapon.

QBZ95B Carbine
The QBZ95B Carbine is a slightly shorter and lighter version of the standard weapon.  Because of the shorter barrel, neither a grenade launcher nor a bayonet can be fitted.  It is suitable for naval personnel working in confined spaces aboard ships, as well as CQB by special operation forces.  Its effective range is shorter because of the reduced barrel length, and the muzzle has a special funnel-shaped flash suppressor.  To date, the author has not seen the Carbine in service in Hong Kong, not even in the hands of Special Forces.

This QBZ95 weapon is fitted with a Type 95 bayonet. This soldier is a member of the honor guard and he is well versed in precision drills. The blue dress uniform is that of the PLAAF.

QJB95 Light Support Weapon
This is used by a squad machine gunner and it comes equipped with a bipod.  Thanks to a longer and heavier barrel, it is well suited to the fire support role with a maximum effective range of 600m.  It has a faster firing rate and heavier cartridge that fits inside a drum magazine.  Although some sources list the drum as holding 80 rounds, official PLA documentation seen by the author lists the capacity as 75 rounds.  The QJB95 weighs 3.95kg and it is 840mm long.

QBZ97 Assault Rifle
The QBZ97 is specifically an export version of the standard QBZ95 in use with the PLA, and a mirror image of the PLA’s family is available.  The only differences are that it has been re-chambered for 5.56mm NATO ammunition, and it possesses a deeper magazine well to accept STANAG magazines.  The QBZ97A adds a three-round burst mode and a bolt hold-open device.  In fact, this is the only family variant to have seen sales success outside China.  It is used by Cambodia’s 911 Special Forces unit and by the Myanmar Army, for instance.  Sri Lanka is believed to be another user.  An export Carbine version is also available and this is called the QBZ97B.  The Light Support Weapon variant is the QBB97.

Technical Data for QBZ95

Caliber:  5.8x42mm
Action:  Gas-operated rotating bolt
Length:  746mm
Barrel length:  520mm
Weight (unloaded):  3.4kg
Maximum effective range:  400m
Rate of fire:  650 rounds per minute
Magazine capacity:  30 rounds

Corner Shot Holdings, LLC of Israel manufactures the Corner Shot CSM pistol chassis that can give the user a look around blind corners or obstacles on a TV screen from a safe vantage point without becoming a target themselves.  This innovative product provides real time Intel and the pistol gives an immediate strike option.  The Corner Shot CSM model is currently available with chassis for the Glock 17/18/19/22/23, SIG 226/228, H&K USP, Browning Hi Power, and Beretta M9/92F/93R.  With the pistol installed in the USA, a short-barreled rifle is created  under the NFA and that requires registration.  The manufacturer can produce the chassis to fit other handguns if contracted by an agency to do so, but currently has no new variants.

For special situations when more range or heavier firepower is necessary, Corner Shot manufactures two other specialized models: the Corner Shot 5.56 and the Corner Shot CS-40.  The CS 5.56 integrates another product from Israel, the Gilboa AR pistol called the APR.  The Corner Shot CS-40 has a modified M203 grenade launcher using a wide range of low pressure 40mm rounds making it a versatile option.  The CS-40 can also be provided to agencies in 37mm gas gun chambering if required.

Corner Shot CSM with Glock 19 on extended bipod and buttstock monopod. (Maria Delrocio Alvarez)

The Corner Shot CSM 2.5-inch color screen with red aiming crosshair is very bright and self adjusting in most lighting conditions.  Under very bright conditions the screen has a clip on sunshade to enhance viewing.  The screen also has external outputs that can be connected to a variety of transmitters for rear echelon real time observation as well as recording for future review.  Available as options are four quick change cameras for the Corner Shot chassis providing different fields of vision and magnifications to suit tactical situations.  A visible light is available when needed for dark areas along with a red laser to enhance targeting, but even better, with the flip of a switch, IR mode is available.  An IR targeting laser is provided and the screen is viewable with most standard night vision goggles.

The Corner Shot CSM has quick change cameras depending on the engagement range expected. All cameras can be zeroed independently. (Maria Delrocio Alvarez)

All this electronic gear needs a hefty power source.  Two battery packs come with the unit in its fitted carrying case.  The battery packs each hold eight standard 123 lithium batteries for an advertised minimum run time of 220 minutes.  A simple and robust squeeze latch on top of each battery pack assists insertion and removal at the rear of the Corner Shot CSM with even the heaviest of gloves.  In case the battery packs need new 123 cells, thumbwheel screws have been thoughtfully provided for access.

Corner Shot CSM battery packs are quickly changed even with gloves on. (Maria Delrocio Alvarez)

Externally, the Corner Shot CSM has many physical features that are also well thought out.  A rapidly deploying left-folding stock is provided for compact carrying and a standard Picatinny top rail is built in for a backup sighting system if required.  Quick detachable, adjustable bipod legs and buttstock monopod are also provided.  Most observers immediately scoff at the bipod legs but are quick to agree that holding the lightweight system up in an observation position for an extended period of time would wear them out in short order.  The Corner Shot CSM is constructed of fiber glass reinforced Polymide for durability but also helps keep its weight trim at 8.5 pounds without pistol.  Optionally, an extended reach handle is available for looking over walls or into tall vehicles such as buses or other vertical challenges.  One other feature shown in brochures is the Corner Shot Kitty; a toy cat that conceals the forward pistol and camera.  This item does draw a lot of ribbing and jokes but camouflage is a very important operational component, and hopefully it will get users thinking of other ways to disguise their Corner Shots.

Corner Shot CSM view-screen with removable sunshade in place. (Maria Delrocio Alvarez)

Accuracy is always a question that is brought up while operators are handling the Corner Shot CSM.  From testing done at Long Mountain Outfitters’ indoor test range, performance was quite surprising.  With no post and notch to line up, just the screen crosshair, target acquisition was rapid and easy.  The shoulder stock kept sighting steady while the trigger pull was remarked by most as no different than the pistol by itself.  In shooting around the corner, it took a very short time to become adjusted to the differences; mostly the sideways recoil.  All in all, average groups were smaller and quicker than pistol only groups at 15 yards.

The Corner Shot family has carved out a substantial niche in the law enforcement, anti-terrorist and special operations community for some time to come.  With a long background providing weapons in these areas, we can only wait to see what comes next.

The first M16/M4 rifle to properly be adapted to the 7.62x39mm caliber cartridge was manufactured in small numbers for a special operations requirement: this is known as the SR-47. Knowing the only reliable way to feed the rifle was to use the AK47 magazine, which is just what Reed Knight did. This rifle never went into production though Rock River Arms recently introduced the LAR-47 which is a M4 with receivers modified to accept the AK47 magazine.

During research for this article, JD Jones was interviewed to get the backdrop on the development of the 300 Whisper:

“I first licensed Thompson Center (T/C) to use it and they put it into the Contender and it became quite popular in the Handgun Metallic Silhouette competition for years.  T/C uses a 1-in-10 twist, which is not good for sub-sonic with heavy bullets.  Initially in the AR we used a single port gas system, about what S & W is now using and found with heavy sub-sonic bullets, 1680 powder would function it (although quite dirty) and high velocity ammo also had a small window of functioning without working the gun too hard.  The SSK adjustable gas system solves the problems of functioning with a quite wide window of proper functioning with a wide range of powders and bullet weights.  This system has an L, for generally low velocity ammo, and H for high velocity ammo and in between those settings the gas is shut off.  For example we have loaded 220 sub-sonic (1,040 fps) and 220 HV (1,400 fps) from a 10-inch M16 for some people.  In a non-adjustable gas system the port pressure of the HV load would be quite high giving excessive bolt velocity with a single non-adjustable system if the sub-sonic was to function reliably.  With our system the HV will work the gun OK but also too violently for my taste.  We’ve used a 6 to 12 inch twist rate and found 8 or 7 inches to be the most versatile.  It is probably the most copied cartridge in existence today.  It was CIP dimensioned many years ago and commercially manufactured in Europe for about 15 years.  It has been called the 300/221; 300 Hush, 300 Murmur (France) 300 fireball, etc., and the latest 300 Blackout.  Over the years there have been many problems with functioning of ARs with single non adjustable gas ports but the chamber dimensions have all seemed pretty close – close enough to use the 300 Whisper dies and basic data.  In 1992, the practical way to make the cases was simply to open the 221 case to 30 cal. – anyone could do that with the dies we supplied.  223/5.56 case wall thicknesses varies a lot; however later we had hundreds of thousands of cases made from primarily LC military brass with an operation to give proper neck wall thickness.  Inquires were made to the majors to make brass.  One asked for an order for 1 million rounds loaded ammo and they “would consider it” and Pete Pi told me the other just turned it down flat.  I think any chamber is capable of having problems with cases made from some 5.56 or 223 brass due to ending up with excessively thick neck wall thickness.”

Shown from left to right are the 5.56x45mm M855A1, 6.8mm Rem SPC, 7.62x39mm and the .300 AAC Blackout cartridges.

The 300 Whisper was never submitted for acceptance by SAMMI.  What this means is that there was never an industry standard on cartridge case dimensions, chamber dimensions of loading specifications.  This makes it difficult for an ammunition producer to make ammunition that will work properly in any given firearm.  Ammunition has been manufactured by Hornady and Corbon, however, a majority of the ammunition has been hand loaded with cartridge cases manufactured from the .221 Rem parent case.

Continuing with JD Jones’s proven concept, Advanced Armament Corporation went to work with Remington and the backing of the Freedom Group family of companies to bring to market their 300 AAC Blackout cartridge.  The main difference is that you can fire a 300 Whisper safely in a 300 Blackout chamber but not the other way around.  Sort of like not firing a 5.56mm cartridge in a .223 Rem chamber. Higher pressures can result from minor dimensional differences.  AAC does not recommend any 300 Whisper ammunition unless it was manufactured by Hornady due to Hornady adhering to the data for both making a compatible round.  Ammunition is readily available for the 300 Blackout in everything from inexpensive Remington UMC brand target ammo to 125 grain supersonic defense/hunting ammunition to 220 grain subsonic ammunition designed for use with a sound suppressor.  Ammunition has been made by BVAC, Barnes, Corbon, Federal, Silver State Armory, Remington and PNW Arms.

Shown is JD Jones in 1993 firing the first subsonic 300 Whisper round. Notice the short barrel. This was the beginning of what would eventually yield the 300 Blackout.

What makes this cartridge stand out?  For many years weapons manufacturers in the AR business wanted to chamber their rifles in the 7.62x39mm caliber.  There have always been detractors to the 5.56mm caliber.  Companies such as Colt, Knight’s Armament, Rock River Arms and ArmaLite are just a few of the companies to chamber their AR-platform rifles in 7.62x39mm.  All of them came up with the same conclusion; there has never been a proper magazine that would properly fit in the AR-platform magazine well.  The taper on the 7.62x39mm cartridge case is just too steep to have the column line up in a straight top AR-type magazine, so this is the cause of the reliability problems with AR-type rifles chambered in the 7.62x39mm cartridge.  Reed Knight fixed that on his SR47 when he adapted the rifle to the AK47 magazine.  This was the only way to truly fix the problem but it is costly and requires an entirely different lower receiver.  Although KAC pioneered this design, they never put it into production.  This would be revisited by Rock River Arms with their LAR-47 Delta Carbine.  As of this writing though, it will not be available till mid to late next year.  The taper on the cartridge case requires a curved magazine.  Many felt the ballistics of the 7.62×39 were excellent for an assault rifle but did not like the AK47 design and lack thereof in the accuracy and human engineering departments.  The 300 Blackout duplicates if not slightly improve upon the 7.62x39mm cartridge.  Also, the Blackout uses a 0.308 diameter projectile which is one of the most popular in the world with many selections of projectiles, as opposed to the 0.311 of the 7.62×39, which has very little options of type and weight.  The 300 Blackout enables weights from supersonic 110-175 grain to subsonic 200 to 250 grain, making it an extremely versatile cartridge for use with and without a sound suppressor.  The supersonic ballistics are equivalent to the venerable 7.62x39mm, and suppressed can be as quiet as an MP5-SD.

Shown is the destruction caused by a Barnes TTSX 110gr projectile fired out of a 300 Blackout at 100 meters.

The 300 Blackout cartridge fits in the standard AR magazine without any loss of the original 30 round capacity.  The standard bolt and barrel extension is used as well.  The only difference is the barrel itself.  This not only makes for easy logistical support for potential military use of the caliber, but you can pull spare parts from existing .223/5.56mm rifles.  The sample rifle has been tested with GI aluminum magazines, H&K high reliability mags, Lancer AWM and Magpul PMags.

In November of 2011, AAC received SAMMI approval on the 300 Blackout.  Since then more than 150 manufactures have come out with complete rifles, upper receivers, barrels, ammunition, or other products in this caliber.  Due to being SAAMI registered and so freely usable by anyone without a license, many companies were able to support the project and with the backing of Freedom Group the Blackout was a sure success.  Significant amounts of time and money were put into JD’s 300 Whisper concept to get it the recognition and acceptance that it so deserved, but now officially standardized as the AAC 300 Blackout.

Of all of the rounds tested in this exciting caliber the most impressive was the Barnes 110gr TAC-TX. This is a solid copper barrier bullet with a polymer insert in the tip.

AAC’s Director of Research and Development had a few things to say about why the cartridge is so popular: “There are three things that made all of the difference.  First was getting industry acceptance through SAAMI – thus allowing anyone to make guns or ammunition that interchanges, and without having to pay royalties.  The second was making high quality but low cost ammunition widely available – which we did with the Remington 115 grain UMC – and without compromise as it actually has premium features such as brass with NATO-like hardness, water proof primers, and a bullet constructed as an open-tip match – but with the nose struck closed to uniform the ballistic coefficient.  The third was that we cracked the code for making the rifles and ammunition reliable without requiring an adjustable gas block.  The military made this a requirement – as one does not want to be caught on the incorrect gas block setting and have a malfunction, or be forced to switch settings on the fly.  Eliminating the need for adjustments was a success, and while using an AAC rifle with its fixed gas system, one can go from subsonic unsuppressed to supersonic suppressed and all four configurations of firing will be within the 700 to 950 rpm cyclic rate specs of a Colt M4.  We were able to do this by designing the guns and ammunition as a team between Remington, Barnes, and AAC – and other makers are following suit, so there are a wide range of choices.”

Test ammunition provided for this test consisted of Remington loads including the UMC 115 CTFB, 125 grain OTM, 125 grain Accutip and the 220 grain OTM (subsonic).  The UMC ammunition sells for $11.99 a box making this caliber very reasonably priced for the shooters, as opposed to some of the other calibers that start at $22 and go up from there.  In fact, the 300 AAC Blackout ammunition is less expensive than .30-30 Winchester ammunition.  As of this writing the only calibers other than 5.56mm in this platform that are easily available and reasonably priced are the 6.8mm Rem SPC and the 300 Blackout – and 6.8mm Rem SPC is on average 40% more expensive than 300 Blackout.  Both 6.8mm Rem SPC and 300 Blackout have full lines by Remington including inexpensive UMC target ammunition.  The most impressive load for the 300 Blackout is the Barnes 110 grain TAC-TX.  All-copper TAC-TX, which are not only blind barrier, will expand to about 60 caliber at 300 yards even when shot from a 9-inch barrel.

Shown is how the T&E AAC 300 Blackout upper receiver assembly was received. The upper receiver with a KAC URX-III, custom bolt carrier group & sound suppressor.

During testing, there were three different weapon systems tested with this new and exciting caliber.  The first came from the originator of the 300 Blackout cartridge as we know it, AAC as a complete upper receiver.  The second was a complete upper receiver manufactured from DS Arms, Inc., and lastly the Lewis Machine & Tool LM8 MRP CQB with the newly introduced 300 Whisper/300 Blackout barrel assembly.

The AAC product has a 16-inch, 1/7 inch twist barrel and comes with their flash suppressor mount that accepts their optional sound suppressor.  The upper receiver comes with a carbine length direct-impingement gas system and a Knight’s Armament Mid-Length URX forearm grip/quad rail.  The front sight is integral to the hand guard and folds into a front section of rail.  The upper receiver has a forward assist and an ejection port dust cover.  This is a standard M4 upper receiver with extended feed ramps cut into the receiver extension and upper receiver.  The bolt carrier is a custom AAC unit that has a nickel boron-type finish and a sleek look to it.  AAC states that its thicker, duel-layer coating provides far more corrosion resistance than the way NiB is typically applied as a single very thin layer.  Forward assist notches sit back further and there is an AAC emblem laser engraved on the carrier.  The extractor has a green rubber “O” ring that provides more extractor force to enhance reliability, and is made of a special material designed not to bind up even in -40F temperatures.  The upper receiver was also mounted on an LMT Defender lower receiver, and tested in both fully automatic, as well as semiautomatic.

As received from DS Arms, this 300 Blackout upper receiver assembly did not come with a bolt carrier group or charging handle. This is a cost effective way to shoot this caliber.

With full power supersonic ammunition the AAC upper receiver functioned flawlessly.  More than 300 rounds of Remington UMC 115 grain ammunition and 300 rounds of Barnes 110 grain TAC-TX were fired.  The rifle was easily controlled even in fully automatic, and kept 3-5 round bursts with no difficulty in the center of a silhouette target at 15 meters.  Certainly the 300 Blackout was easier to shoot than an AK47/AKM firing the nearly identical cartridge.  Also tested with the rifle were standard aluminum GI magazines, PMag, Lancer L5 AWM and H&K high reliability magazines.  Both 20- and 30-round configurations were all tested as well.  Accuracy was very impressive averaging 1 to 1.5 inches at 100 yards.  The MSRP for the complete AAC upper with the KAC URX-III handguard is $1,080.

The upper receiver provided by DS Arms utilized a 16 inch 1/8 inch twist heavy 416 stainless steel barrel.  The forged front sight base is pinned in place.  At the end of the muzzle is a Trident flash suppressor.  The receiver is a Mil-Spec 7075 T6 receiver with a forward assist, ejection port dust cover and fired cartridge case deflector.  The barrel extension has extended feed ramps.  No charging handle or bolt carrier group comes included with the unit, so an LMT enhanced bolt and carrier were used, along with an LMT Tactical charging handle.  This upper receiver was placed on an LMT Guardian selective fire lower receiver with an H buffer.  More than 300 rounds again were placed through this rifle.  Remington 125 grain and Barnes 110 grain TAC-TX were fired. Both Hornady 208 grain and Remington 220 grain subsonic ammunition were also fired.  There were no malfunctions of any type of ammunition in either semi-auto only or fully automatic fire.  This upper had no issues with cycling subsonic ammunition without a sound suppressor on it.  Accuracy was very respectable with 1.5 to 2 inches at 100 yards.  The optic used on this rifle was an AimPoint Comp 4S with the 3x magnifier.  This upper receiver sells for an MSRP of $375 and is a great bargain considering what the customer gets.  This is probably the lowest price out there for an upper in this chambering.

The DS Arms upper receiver was placed on a LMT Guardian 2000 lower receiver. The AimPoint Comp4S red dot sight with 4x magnifier optics was chosen to test the rifle. Standard GI aluminum magazines were tested as well.

The last rifle tested was the Lewis Machine & Tool LM8 MRP CQB.  This is the only true monolithic rail in the industry as well as with removable barrels bringing a new meaning to modularity for this weapons platform.  The new LM8 lightweight upper receiver was used for this test.  Released at SHOT Show 2012, this streamlined MRP offers removable rail section enabling the user to only put on what rail segments that are needed.  This saves both weight and risk to damage unused rail sections.  In the upper receiver were an LMT standard auto bolt carrier group and an enhanced LMT bolt.  The lower receiver is an LMT selective fire Guardian 2000 lower receiver with a standard H buffer.  The optics mounted was the EOTech XPS3 with the 3x magnifier.

The barrel for the MRP CQB chambered in 300 Blackout is interesting in its configuration.  The barrel is marked for both the 300 Whisper and 300 Blackout.  The 16 inch barrel is chrome plated with a 1/8 inch twist and was test fired with a proof round and then magnetic particle inspected to ensure against any stress fractures.  What is interesting is the short 7 inch gas system as opposed to a standard carbine length or mid-length system.  LMT engineers found that it was more reliable placing the gas port closer to the chamber for reliable feeding with the wide array of bullet weights and velocities.  Nearly 1,000 rounds have been fired through this barrel over the last few months with ammunition manufactured by Remington, Hornady and Barnes.  The LMT rifle had no malfunction issues with any ammunition regardless of it being supersonic or subsonic.  Accuracy maintained an average of 1 inch at 100 yards.  The subsonic tended to group just a hair under in group size, but significantly lower when the optic was zeroed for supersonic ammunition.  Leupold has addressed this issue in cooperation with AAC and released a special 300 Blackout reticle, which is marked for the drop of both super and subsonic ammunition.  This would be a must for any operator, who intends on switching types of ammunition in the field and not having the ability to re-zero.  Unfortunately one was not available at the time of this writing.

Shown below is the natural curvature of 15 rds of 7.62x39mm ammunition, which is caused by the taper of the cartridge case. This is in a nutshell why this cartridge cannot feed reliably in a magazine designed for an AR-15/M16/M4 magazine well. When you compare to the 15 rds of 300 Blackout above, there is far less curvature making the round feed easily and reliably in a straighter magazine. This is the key to the reliable feeding of the 300 Blackout.

There have been many calibers introduced over the past several years for the AR-15 weapons platform that attempted to provide a bump in muzzle energy over the 5.56mm.  Although in some ways excellent cartridges, none have really been widely available until now.  The 300 Blackout, since its SAMMI acceptance, has boomed well beyond calibers such as the 6.8SPC and 6.5 Grendel.  There are more manufacturers making 300 Blackout than any of the other alternative AR-platform, and this was achieved by eliminating the problems that have plagued the 7.62x39mm chambering in the AR-platform and giving the AR-platform user an option of using their weapon system with a cartridge that meets and exceeds the performance of the 0.311 caliber AK round in down-range muzzle energy.  The ability of using super or subsonic ammunition is just the icing on the cake.  This author predicts that the supersonic rounds will by far surpass the use of subsonic, and with that I hope to see some slower rate twist barrels introduced that would be more optimal for the 125 grain projectiles.  The success of this cartridge is certainly a tribute of the genius of J.D. Jones.  His concept has proven its metal over and over.  AAC and Remington were undoubtedly able to give the cartridge the boost to make it recognized around the world and in this industry as the first real competitor to the 5.56mm in this weapons platform.