Since 2011, Bulgarian Arsenal 5.56 x 45 mm AR-M9 and AR-M9F self-loading rifles have been documented in the hands of Libyan, Yemeni and Sudanese armed forces. In each of these cases, sources indicate that the weapons in question may have been provided by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). According to EU annual reports, Bulgaria has exported significant quantities of small arms and light weapons to the UAE since 2007 (when Bulgaria joined the EU). Media reports have noted Bulgaria’s important role as a supplier of small arms and light weapons to Gulf countries, including Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Some 30,000 assault rifles formed part of a 2010 deal between Bulgaria and the UAE.

In mid-2013, the Libyan 11th “Lightning” Battalion (Bn )posted a series of images to their official Facebook page showing members armed with AR-M9F rifles (see Photo 1), which feature folding metal buttstocks. The 11th Bn was, at the time, described as having “rapid response” duties as well as conducting close personal protection (CPP) details. The page has been inactive since mid-2014. A handful of modern Arsenal firearms were identified in Libya towards the end of the 2011 Civil War. Images on the 11th Bn Facebook page also show members of the Lightning Battalion operating several NIMR AJBAN 440 light tactical vehicles, which are manufactured in the UAE. Sources within Libya told ARES that the 11th Bn was directly supported by the UAE, receiving camouflage uniforms, equipment, body armor, weapons, communications devices and vehicles.

General Command of the Sudanese Armed Forces

On November 23, 2015, the UAE’s The National newspaper published a series of images (see Photo 2) showing the training of a “new batch of pro-government Yemeni resistance fighters” conducted at a facility within Al-Anad airbase near Aden, Yemen. It is unclear exactly how many fighters were trained during this phase of the program, but a later series of images taken at the same camp and published December 17, 2015, notes that more than 1,000 fighters graduated in what is described as the “second batch [of the] UAE-trained Yemeni resistance.” The fighters are pictured armed with AR-M9 rifles, which feature a fixed polymer buttstock. Several observers incorrectly identified these weapons as AK-101 rifles.

Yemeni Major General Ahmed Saif Al Yafei, described as the commander of the fourth governorate in Aden, is also pictured in the series. He is armed with a UAE Caracal Model F self-loading handgun. Caracal pistols are believed to have been supplied to Libya by the UAE, being especially common within the Supreme Security Committee (SSC). Model F handguns have previously been the subject of arms diversion within Libya as documented by ARES and are also circulating illicitly on the country’s black market, with several examples recently offered for sale via social media.

An image posted to the official Facebook page of the General Command of the Sudanese Armed Forces on 30 January 30, 2016 (see Photo 3), shows a Sudanese soldier armed with an Arsenal AR-M9F rifle. The image shows what are likely to be three more AR-M9F rifles and dozens of troops in the background. It is not clear whether Sudanese armed forces have been equipped with these weapons or whether the soldier in question is posing with a weapon from another force. According to the information provided, he was killed in action in Yemen on January 29, 2016. Sudan has been supporting the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen.

A member of the Sudanese Armed Forces poses with an Arsenal AR-M9F self-loading rifle in Yemen, prior to being killed in action on January 26, 2016.

AR-M9F rifles have also been offered for sale via social media in Libya, priced around the 2,000 to 2,500 LYD (approximately $1,450 to $1,800 USD) mark. ARES has documented the serial numbers of limited numbers of AR-M9F rifles circulating illicitly in Libya.

Special thanks to Alex Wambugu & Sami Tarhuni.

This article is reproduced courtesy of Armament Research Services (ARES). See www.armamentresearch.com for further original content.

The AK-47 was followed by the AKM in the 1960s and then the AK-74 (which was very similar to smaller caliber cartridges similar to the US M-16) in the 1970s. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the AN-94 assault rifle was designed as a possible replacement for the AK-74. It was first publicly revealed in 1993. The AN-94 design by Gennadiy Nikonov eventually won the competition against other competitive Russian assault rifles, such as the AEK-971. The 5.45×39 mm AN-94’s design is more complex than the AK-74’s. AN-94 is a gas-operated, rotating bolt assault rifle. It has a moving barrel-receiver-gas-drive group for delayed recoil action. The first two rounds are fired in a very high rate mode. The mechanism fires the second shot in the burst quickly enough to allow it to escape before the recoil of the first shot is felt, thus potentially allowing the two shots to hit extremely close together; for example, to aid in piercing body armor, but then the hammer unit switches itself to the low rate mode, and the remaining rounds are fired in the 600 rpm mode. There is no manual rate of fire selector, as everything is done automatically. The process is repeated every time when the shooter puslls the trigger. Due to its rather complicated design, which has a negative effect on its reliability—in particular, higher sensitivity to contamination of parts—the AN-94 was issued only in limited quantities to the elite forces of the Russian Army, police and Internal Affairs Ministry.

This photo is taken from Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. I’ve tried to contact Konstain Lazarev via his e-mail address seen fused on the picture (in order to get in touch and possibly getting a better photo if possible. I think I am allowed to use the picture as long as he is credited for the photo.The picture shows the version I am describing, so it’s important for me to include this version. (Photo: Konstatin Lazarev)

The rival assault rifle, the AEK-971 was originally designed and tested during the “Abakan” trials of the late 1980s; it failed in trials, but its development was continued in hopes to sell the gun to police forces and for export. During the early 2000s, small batches of AEK-971 rifles in 5.45×39-mm caliber were manufactured for Russian Internal Affairs Ministry (MVD) troops, but their production ceased in 2006 and was suspended for several years due to the lack of orders. However, circa 2010, a limited production of the modified AEK-971 assault rifle was resumed for the Russian MVD and other Russian law enforcement agencies.

Since 2013, heavily modified versions of the 5.45-mm AEK-971 and 7.62-mm AEK-973 rifles have undergone official Russian army “Ratnik” trials. These new rifles are known as A-545 (GRAU index 6P67) and A762 (6P68), respectively. In December 2014 Russian army officials announced that A-545 (6P67) and A762 (6P68) assault rifles successfully passed Ratnik trials, along with their main rival, the AK-12 (see below). Both systems were recommended for initial batch production and issue for trials in the field.

(Photo: Fossland/Walter Håland) In Lebanon, the author compared the AK-47 (Bulgarian made) with the AG3 which has an effective firing range of 500 m. The AK-47 is comfortable to hold at a prone position, but it had a poor precision when fired at standard rifle paper targets at a 300-m range when compared with the AG3. Finally, firing hundreds of rounds automatically with the AK-47, the rifle went very warm but still worked perfectly. We ran out of confiscated ammo, so further trials were not possible. AG3 with 7.62x5-mm NATO Ball projectile, weight 9.45g (146 grain), has a muzzle velocity of ca 800-810 m/s (2,625 ft/s), KE = 3100 Joule (18-inch barrel length). Depending on type (full-metal jacket or Spitzer SP), the 7.62x39-mm Russian projectile has a mass of 8 g or 10 g, (123 gr or 154 gr). Muzzle velocity (V0) is 738 m/s (2,421 ft/s), KE = 2,108 Joules (16-inch barrel length) or 641.3 m/s (2,104 ft/s), KE = 2,056 Joules. It is estimated that between 70 and 100 million of AK-47s have been produced in the Soviet Union and in other countries since 1947.

The AEK-971 assault rifle is gas-driven and has balanced actions with a rotating bolt locking. Balancing means that the AEK-971’s gas drive has two gas chambers and two gas pistons. The first gas piston is linked via a gas rod to the bolt carrier and operates as usual. The second gas piston is linked to a balancing steel weight and moves in the opposite direction to the main gas piston. Both pistons are synchronized through a simple gear. This design is intended to eliminate three of the four elements-of-action impulses, which cause a rifle to move during full-auto fire. The first impulse is received when the bullet moves along the barrel—this is the basic recoil itself. The second impulse is received when the heavy bolt carrier/bolt group moves along the receiver back and forth. The third impulse is received when the bolt carrier/bolt group slams against the receiver in the rear position, and the fourth is received when this group is stopped in the forward position after a new cartridge is chambered.

The synchronous and opposite movement of the balancing weight eliminates all except the recoil impulse, so the rifle becomes far more stable during full-auto fire. Its rate of fire is 900 rounds per minute. The gain in accuracy in full-auto is about 15% to 20% when compared to the AK-74 assault rifle in the same caliber. The AN-94 assault rifle, mentioned above, has a slight edge over the AEK-971 only in short-burst (two rounds only) mode. In full-auto medium or long-burst fire mode (3 to 5 or 7 to 10 rounds per burst) the AEK-971 wins hands down, with a weight of 3.3 kg without magazine, being also some 0.5 kg lighter than the AN-94 and much simpler and cheaper to manufacture. Production AEK-971 rifles have side-folding plastic buttstocks, plastic forearm and fire control grip and use standard AK/AKM or AK-74 30-round magazines (depending on the chambering, 5.45×39 mm (AEK-971), 5.56×45 mm (AEK-972) and 7.62×39 mm (AEK-973). They also feature safety switch/fire mode selectors of various designs, depending on the year of manufacture and factory.

The fire selector allows three modes of fire—single shots, 3-round bursts and full-auto. The A-545 (6P67) rifle features numerous internal and external improvements over the earlier AEK-971.

(Photo courtesy: Vitaly V. Kuzmin/ http://vitalykuzmin.net/) AEK-971 caliber: 5.45x39 mm, 5.56x45 mm (AEK-972) and 7.62x39 mm (AEK-973). The latest version of the AEK-971 rifle, known as A-545 or 6P67, was undergoing Russian army “Ratnik” trials in 2014.

These include, among other things, redesigned receiver with integrated Picatinny rail on the top, ambidextrous fire mode selector/safety levers, retractable and adjustable shoulder stock and aperture rear sight, ambidextrous safety/fire mode selectors.

The 21st Century Russian Warrior

The time had come for the Russian Armed Forces to enter the 21st century’s demand for modern equipment together with the new “Ratnik” [Eng. for Warrior] set of gear for its infantry. The Ratnik system is the Russian version like the “Modern Warrior” concepts around the world and resulted in the introduction of new body armor, personal communications, wearable computers, night vision devices and personal medical equipment.

930 m/s (3,050 ft/s), energy 1,730 Joule.” width=”100%” />

Design work on the AK-12 began in August 2011 with the first prototype unveiled on January 24, 2012, but previously the Russian Army had preferred the A-545 (5.45×39 mm AEK-971 rifle, known as A-545 or 6P67) over the AK-12. The A-545 was recognized as a truly modern rifle design, which as a result of its counter-balanced recoil system, was said to offer a 10% to 15% reduction in recoil compared to the AK-12. The AK-12 was not originally accepted for the state trials in 2012. The army subsequently allowed the rifle to be tested under political pressure, albeit at the expense of the manufacturer—the testing of the A-545 and A-762 was funded by the military.

In January 2015 the Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) selected two assault rifles manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern as new standard issue firearm for the Russian Ratnik soldier modernization program. One reason cited for the selection of the AK-12 was the existing manufacturing capability of Kalashnikov Concern, while the V.A. Degtyarev Plant would have had to build a new production line from scratch. As a result Kalashnikov Concern won the program on the basis of a lower production cost in cost to effectiveness terms. The AK-12’s quality is regarded acceptable. The two assault rifles manufactured by Kalashnikov Concern selected by the Armed Forces were: the AK-12, chambered in 5.45×39 mm and the 7.62×39-mm AK-103-4. The Kalashnikov AK-103 assault rifle is the third generation and a modification of the current Russian standard issue AK-74M rifle for older 7.62×39-mm ammunition. The 7.62-mm-chambered AK-103-4 is equipped with a Picatinny rail, telescopic folding buttstock and effective muzzle device. The AK-103 is technically similar to AK-74M except for caliber and magazines used; any 7.62-mm AK/AKM type magazine can be used in AK-103, but rifles now are issued with new production 30-round magazines made of black polymer. It is primarily intended for export, although some AK-103s are in use by various Russian Special Law Enforcement groups, which prefer 7.62 mm over 5.45 mm for its better stopping power.

The 7.62×39-mm AK-104 is as the AK-103 (a third generation)—a thorough upgrade of the world-known AK-47 and AKM. Having the same caliber, the AK-104 differs from the AK-103 with a shortened barrel and a new flash hider/muzzle brake. The muzzle brake provides for cyclic fire accuracy and further reduces muzzle climb and burst recoil. The folding plastic buttstock is practical when on march, during transportation and landing operations. The weapon can fire with buttstock folded. The forearm, magazine, buttstock and pistol grip are made of high-strength plastic and feature great durability to stress. The weapon has protective coatings for corrosion resistance of metal parts. A side dove-tail mounting rail is available for optical, collimator or night sights. Its weight with bullets is 3.2 kg, and its practical firing range is 300 m. Its shooting mode is safe, full-auto with 600 rounds/min rate of fire.

(Photo: Aud Haland) Export versions 5.56x45 mm (NATO) AK-101 with under barrel grenade launcher GP-34, the 5.56x45 mm (NATO) AK-102 (short barrel).

In designing the new AK-12 rifle, Concern Kalashnikov decided to stick with the classic layout of the AK-47, the combat-proven rifle with high reliability and simplicity. Thus the Kalashnikov AK-12 assault rifle became the latest incarnation of their iconic Kalashnikov the AK-47 assault rifle. The company says AK-12 is a fifth generation AK-pattern rifle that considerably increases the accuracy of shooting. It is featuring several ergonomic improvements; for example, a bolt catch, accessory rails and a telescopic buttstock. The AK-12 has also a lower recoil impulse than the AK-74M and combines reliability with precision. The webmaster and author of World Guns, Mr. Maxim Popenker, calls the AK-12: “Avtomat Kalashnikova, 2012,” since the AK-12 first was displayed to the press in January 2012. The AK-12 assault rifle is a gas-operated, selective fire weapon using traditional “Kalashnikov type” action with long-stroke gas piston and rotary bolt locking. The bolt group is noticeably lightened to decrease recoil and improve accuracy in full-automatic fire. The barrel has improved rifling for better accuracy. The muzzle brake is revised with a NATO-standard external diameter of 22 mm. That allows launching of rifle grenades of foreign manufacture. The receiver is redesigned. Key modification is a new top cover of a more rigid design. It is hinged at the front and opens up and forward for disassembly and maintenance.

Top cover latch release lever is located at the rear of receiver, right side, behind the safety lever. Safety/fire selector unit is also revised to provide more ergonomic ambidextrous switch with four positions (Safe, Semi-auto, 2-rounds bursts, Automatic–2015 version). Safety/selector levers are located above the pistol grip, at both sides of the rifle. Charging handle is moved forward to be removable attached to the gas piston and can be installed on either side of the gun. When the rifle is fired, the charging handle reciprocates along with the bolt.

This soldier from the Special units, Ministry of Internal Affairs, is holding a 7.62x39-mm chambered AK-103-4 is equipped with (Kalashnikov’s upgrade kit) a Picatinny rail, reflex sight, laser aiming device, hand grip and folding buttstock. The new effective muzzle device is here changed with a blank firing attachment. (Photo courtesy: Vitaly V. Kuzim, from International Exhibition “Interpolitex-2015,” October 20-23, 2015, in Moscow.)

New side-folding, telescoping adjustable stock is provided for AK-12. The Kalashnikov AK-12 assault rifle features an integral Picatinny rail at the top cover and additional accessory rails at the top and both sides of the fore-end. Bottom section of the fore-end is available in two versions–with a rail (to accept various “tactical” accessories like lights and fore grips) or a plain one (to accept standard 40-mm grenade launchers like the GP-25 or GP-30). The rifle can accommodate night vision and holo-sights (red dot) target indicators. The rifle is fed from 30-round AK-74 box magazines, but 60- and 95-round magazines are also available. The AK-12 features a bolt catch device which is controlled by a lever located at the front of the trigger guard, above the enlarged magazine release lever. It must be noted that this bolt hold-open device works only with modified magazines.

The AK-12 also features a redesigned integral iron sight. The steel front tactical rifle sight is mounted upon the gas block (the 2015 prototype version). The adjustable rear sight has a reversible (rotating) blade with aperture (diopter) on one side and U-shaped notch on another. To switch between options the user has to raise the rear sight and then rotate the blade through 180 degrees to either side. The basic feature of the new rifle is its modularity. It will serve as a basic platform for designing of over 20 modifications of small-arms weapons of various purpose and caliber. AK-12’s composition allows operating it single-handedly and can be converted for left- or right-handed use. The Russian army is expecting that the price of the AK-12 will be 25% more than the AK-74M. The MoD also increased the number of ordered Ratnik systems from 50,000 to 70,000. The AK-12 is set to be used by only the elite Russian units equipped with the Ratnik system.

(Photo courtesy: Concern Kalashnikov) Three prototypes for the Kalashnikov AK-12. The “Black rifle” AK-12 assault rifle is an early prototype as shown in 2013. The “Camo” AK-12 assault rifle is another newer prototype.

Meanwhile, a carbine variant of the AK-12, chambered in 7.62×39 mm, was selected by the Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO) to replace its current AKS-74U and AK-104 carbines and AK-103 rifles. The remainder of the Army is expected to use an upgraded AK-74M, developed by Kalashnikov under military requirements. When this author spoke with one representative from Concern Kalashnikov and asked for the status in June 2016, the representative said that the company at present had three prototypes.

(Photo courtesy: Vitaly V. Kuzmin) Soldier from Special units, Ministry of Internal Affairs, execute live firing at target figures.

The American-made Barrett M82A1 is semi-automatic, chambered for .50 BMG (12.7 x 99 mm) and designated the M107 in US service. The M82A1 weighs 13.6 kg, has an overall length of 1450 mm and features a 740-mm barrel. In the hands of trained marksmen, M82 series rifles are capable of engaging targets out to 1,000 m and beyond. Houthi forces are likely to possess 12.7 x 99 mm cartridges in several different loadings, including ball (full metal jacket; FMJ), armour piercing (AP) and possibly armour piercing incendiary (API) or other types. The projectiles are capable of defeating manpower and soft-skinned or lightly armoured vehicles (depending on ammunition type) at extended ranges.

Some observers have suggested that the presence of the M82A1 in Yemen could be explained through battlefield capture from Gulf coalition members who are known to employ them, including Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. However, the M82A1 is not new in Yemen, with documents obtained through FOIA requests indicating the supply of military materiel from the United States to Yemen in 2012, which included a number of M82A1 rifles. With significant materiel known to have been captured by Houthi fighters from Yemeni government forces and the defection of a substantial number of Yemeni armed forces personnel, these rifles are perhaps more likely to have undergone a similar transition.

Another anti-materiel rifle, also chambered for .50 BMG, has been sighted in service with Houthi forces. The rifle, pictured, has been identified by ARES as an LRT-3 model “sniper weapon system” from PGW Defence Technologies Inc. Images of this weapon were widely posted to social media, and reports indicate it was seized by Houthi forces on June 11, 2015, after clashes with Saudi border guards. The bolt-action LRT-3, fitted with a suppressor, was displayed alongside other captured small arms, including a number of G36 series rifles likely to have been produced in Saudi Arabia under license from German manufacturer Heckler & Koch. Also pictured is a G3A3-type rifle, also likely to have been produced under license in Saudi Arabia, and another bolt-action sniper rifle, most likely a PGW Timberwolf, chambered for .338 Lapua Magnum. As well as the suppressor fitted to the LRT-3, both rifles appear to feature Schmidt & Bender telescopic optics, likely supplied by the rifles’ manufacturers. It’s worth noting that another bolt-action rifle thought to be a PGW Timberwolf was among small arms taken by Houthi forces from Saudi troops in October 2015.

Barret M82A1

LRT-3 and M82A1 technical specifications taken from their official product sheets and operating manuals. Thanks to Joseph Trevithick for sharing records obtained through FOIA requests. PGW Defence Technologies Inc. was contacted for comment but has not replied at the time of publishing.

This article is reproduced courtesy of Armament Research Services (ARES). See www.armamentresearch.com for further original content.

LRT-3 (with standard barrel)

Anyway, since ADEX is bi-annual event, another defense expo, mainly by the ROK (Republic of Korea) army, started in 2014; it is DX Korea, and this year it was held in KINTEX, a large convention center located in Ilsan city, which is on the northeast side out of a Seoul suburb.

Caracal’s CSR338, a bolt-action sniper rifle fires .338 Lapua Magnum round.

While the show is mainly focused on large weapons like tanks, missiles and armored cars or artillery equipment, there’s also a considerable number of small arms and munition-related things on display; especially for this year—not only S&T Motiv (The former Daewoo precision), who virtually had monopolized The Korean military small arms market, but also Dasan Machineries and Caracal of UAE showed considerable presence in the show.

DI Optical introduced new day/night dot sight for heavy machine guns. This is a combination of a red dot/thermal sight+laser rangefinder; you can see ordinary red dot and thermal image on the same display lens.

The first clash between Dasan and S&T Motiv was S&T Motiv’s victory. That was a trial for the new light machinegun (5.56 mm) to replace K3 LMGs, and Dasan submitted a slightly modified version of the ARES16, while S&T Motiv submitted an upgraded version of the K3. Army tests showed that S&T’s model was slightly better than the ARES16, so S&T became the winner.

Carl Gustav M4.

Caracal and DI Optics of Korea signed an MOU during the show. Caracal will soon use DI Optics’ optical sights for their weapons’ main option.

Although submachine guns have traditionally – and extensively — found their way into the inventories of the world’s armed forces, their acceptance by the LE community has not been so wide, mainly when one looks at the United States, for example. Sure, their use by the U.S. military — mainly in WWII, Korea and, to a lesser extent, Vietnam — was very substantial indeed, but this did not mirror when police departments were concerned. A different picture, however, presents itself when European and Latin American countries are examined. In the latter group, Brazil will be brought to attention here.

Subguns began to show up locally in the hands of Brazilian police agencies around the late 1920s and the early 1930s mainly in the shape of German-made Bergmann MP.28s, both in 9×19 mm and 7.63×25 mm Mauser calibers. The thirties also witnessed relatively large purchases by different LE departments of 7.63×25 mm Mauser Schnellfeur (Rapid Fire) pistols, the select-fire version of the all-time popular C96 “Broomhandle.” One of them was PMDF (Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal, Federal District Military Police), about 500 examples being received.

To a certain extent, the Mauser was also used, with obvious limitations, in the SMG role, since its removable wooden holster could be attached to the pistol grip to act as a shoulder stock and thus give it a certain degree of stability in full-auto fire. However, its high cyclic rate of fire (850-900 rounds per minute, or so) meant that the usual 10-round magazine was emptied in slightly over one second, and controllability was all but non-existent due to the gun’s light weight (1.8 kg, stock attached). Locally called the PASAM (Pistola Automática e Semi-Automática Mauser, Mauser Automatic and Semi-Automatic Pistol), the Schnellfeur was still able to remain in service for decades.

In 1970-71, a palliative step was given by what was then PMERJ (Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State Military police) by asking a local gunsmith, Spanish-born Jener Daumau Arroyo who had reportedly served with the British Army in World War II, to modify a number of the weapons to improve their handling characteristics. The first modified model (Mod. 1), of which 101 were adapted, received a metal frame extension welded to the magazine housing, and was fitted with an all-metal forward grip well ahead of the gun, under the muzzle. The original “Broomhandle” grip was retained, and so the characteristic wooden holster/stock could be attached to it. A second modification (Mod.2), involving 89 pistols, featured a similar frame extension, but the forward grip was of a different shape and had wooden panels. The rear grip was redesigned to a longer and flatter profile, a 320 mm-long fixed, thin tubular metal stock being permanently attached to the rear of the frame. In both models, of course, the barrel was left free so as to enable it to do its short-recoil job during firing. For the record, 295 PSAMs were left in the original Mauser configuration, and, surprisingly, all three variants were a common view in Rio’s streets well into the 1980s. All the guns supplied to Brazil had manufacturing numbers in the 80,000 range, meaning later production examples (the “Schnellfeuer” had its own sequential serial numbers).

Shown together in this photo are (top to bottom) 7.63x25 mm Mauser Schnellfeur selective-fire pistols used by PMERJ (Rio de Janeiro’s Military Police) into the 1980s: original gun (minus holster/stock), Modification 1 variant (wooden holster/stock attached), and Modification 2 (fixed metal stock). Unlike the original 10-round stripper-clip-fed C96 model, these guns used detachable 10-round magazines (20-round units were also available, but not supplied for the Brazilian guns).

With additional examples going to the Brazilian Navy (Marines, mostly) and Air Force (Air Base Security duties). Although some of these did eventually find their way to law enforcement hands, no major subgun purchases were recorded in post war years other than for a batch of .45ACP H&R Reising M50s for Rio de Janeiro’s Civil Police. These remained in service until the mid-1990s.

The Local INA

A major step in the local manufacture of SMGs took place in the early 1950s, when São Paulo-based INA – Indústria Nacional de Armas S/A started manufacturing its .45ACP M.B.50 and M953 submachine guns, somewhat redesigned variants of the 9×19 mm Madsen Model 1946. It had so happened that a Brazilian Army officer, Plinio Paes Barreto Cardoso, who was working at the Madsen factory when German forces invaded Denmark in WWII, managed to escape the country carrying most design plans for the gun, and their later safe return to that company was compensated with a free license to make the weapon in Brazil. The chambering change was a result of the .45ACP being the standard Brazilian Army pistol/subgun round at the time. Unlike the original Madsen M1956, which had a button-shaped cocking piece on top of the receiver (making it more ambidextrous in nature), the INA had it moved to the right side in the shape of a hook-type.

This Rio de Janeiro military policeman was photographed in September 1980 carrying a Modification 2 PASAM hanging from his shoulder. A closer examination will show that the gun’s hammer is in the half-cock (safety) position.

Taurus enters the niche

The previously mentioned move of the Brazilian military and LE community from the post-WWII era .45ACP round to the 9×19 mm caliber was implemented with the corresponding adoption of the Beretta M12 submachine gun and the Model 92 pistol by the Brazilian Army and Navy in the early 1970s. These guns were initially license-manufactured by a São Paulo-based subsidiary of the Italian concern, Indústria e Comércio Beretta S.A., but this was acquired in 1980 by Forjas Taurus, which took over production of both types, the subgun becoming the MT-12 (and MT-12A, MT-12AD, for later, improved variants), while the pistol was redesignated the PT-92, and subsequent variants are produced to this day. Curiously enough, Taurus had earlier (mid-to-late 1970’s) played around with a somewhat modified Smith & Wesson Model 76 (itself a clone of the Swedish Carl Gustav M/45), but it did not advance past one or two handmade tool room prototypes.

Photo shows evident family traces common to these Taurus guns photographed late in 2011 (from left to right): 9x19 mm CT9 G2 carbine, .40 S&W SMT40 submachine gun, 5.56x45 mm CT556 semi-auto carbine and another 9x19 mm CT9 G2. The in-house 5.56x45 mm weapon development program was eventually discontinued.

However, the Chilean-origin guns were merely a stop-gap measure while Taurus took the task of, at long-last, designing, developing and certifying for production a real in-house SMG. Initial design work took place in 2009-2010, and intense trials with different prototypes led to a final configuration definition in 2011. Designated the SMT (from SubMetralhadoraTaurus), its official announcement took place in April of that year during the LAAD Security and Defense Show in Rio de Janeiro. A short time later, a semi-auto-only variant with a 16 inch barrel and a fixed thumbhole stock required by U.S. regulations, the CTG29 (alternatively called the CT9 G2) in 9×19 mm, began to reach the American commercial market.

The new gun was offered to the Brazilian LE market primarily in .40 S&W, a local police preference, both as a selective-fire submachine gun (designation SMT40) and as a semi-auto carbine (CTT40C), and a number of orders followed. For the military and in the 9×19 mm caliber, the gun was offered to and ordered by the Brazilian Army as the SMT9, the major distinguishing feature being that the “nine” uses a curved magazine, and the “ten” a straight one. The subguns are also available in a compact version (short barrel, no shoulder stock) as the SMT40C and SMT9C. For the record, many of the SMT components (lower receiver, mainly) were briefly used by Taurus when the company was developing its CT556 5.56×45 mm carbine in 2010-12, but this did not progress further from the prototype stage.

The Taurus SMT9 has entered service with some Brazilian Army units, this being the case of Rio de Janeiro-based Brigada de Infantaria Paraquedista (Parachute Infantry Brigade). The curved 30-round magazine is a distinguishing feature of the 9x19 mm gun.

Other Carbines and SMGs in Use

The latest additions to the Brazilian Army submachine gun armory, although in a not-too-widespread scale, have been the Taurus SMT9 (SpecOps detachments of the Brigada de Infantaria Paraquedista, Airborne Infantry Brigade) and the German-made Heckler & Koch UMP (1 Batalhão de Forças Especiais, 1st Special Forces Battalion), the latter being fitted with sound suppressors, EOTech sights, vertical foregrips, etc.

As far as semi-auto carbines are concerned, mention should be made of a batch of .30 M1 Carbine IMI Magals in use by the Pará State Military Police since 2001­—an unusual weapon.

The all-black Taurus-made MT-12A is seen here in current use with a Brazilian Air Force Police trooper, the gun featuring the later-added single rotating fire selector visible above the pistol grip.

This 16 inch barrel .40 S&W CT40 is shown configured for a possible U.S. LE use, since it uses the foldable SMG stock and not the thumbhole type required for civilian sales.

Following an agreement with Chile’s state-owned FAMAE company, Forjas Taurus carried out local production (barrel manufacture and final assembly) of the .40 S&W MT-40 submachine gun, which was delivered to a number of LE agencies. The example shown is in the hands of a Rio de Janeiro Military Police officer.

November 2-5, 2016, Jakarta Indonesia:

This was the 7th Biennial Tri-service event in Jakarta, Indonesia; when they say “Tri-service,” it means that they combine a number of shows into the one event. IndoAerospace, IndoMarine, and IndoHelicopter are at the same site, with complementing events.

SADJ considers IndoDefence one of the top three shows in the Southeast Asia region, along with Defence & Security in Bangkok and Defence Services Asia (DSA) in Kuala Lumpur. These shows are on a schedule in alternate years and in the case of DSA, alternate time of year, so that vendors attempting to reach customers are assured of attendees that are not suffering from show burnout. Likewise, the attendees have the opportunity to see fresh presentations and products.

The people of the Republic of Indonesia take this show seriously- attendance is up all the way through the military and related sectors. H. E. Drs. H. Muhammad Jusuf Kalla, the Vice President of this Republic that has over 250 million people, opened the show. The Embassy attendance was from over 40 countries, from Afghanistan to the UK.

Twenty-two country pavilions were included in the 34,000 square meters and six areas of the show with a total of 44 countries represented by exhibitors. There were live vehicle demonstrations and trips to Russian Government warships. All through the show, events were concurrent with the open pavilions. Since the flow of attendees was over 22,400, there was a constant movement of people through the display floor regardless of any other attractions. Approximately 21,000 of the attendees were from Indonesia as we said, they take this show very seriously, and the other 1,400 were divided between 55 different countries.

While the various seminars and panel discussions were of great interest to the attendees in their various fields, for us the action was on the show floor.

Komodo Armament, a local manufacturer, has products ranging from pistols to sniper rifles. The workmanship is impressive as are the results in firing from the discussion we had with the company. As seen in this photo, Komodo is manufacturing an entirely locally designed “Minigun.” The delinker-feeder is a unique design, and the entire process makes an electrically operated Gatling type machine gun for about 1/3 the cost of the modern M134 series on the market. Komodo is looking only for local government sales with this. www.tanfoglioindonesiajaya.com

The most prominent military production group in Indonesia is PT Pindad (Perseo) which was started in Indonesia in 1983. Pindad makes everything from Special Operations Vehicles to heavy equipment, with massive production facilities. They have an enormous selection of small arms that are built entirely at their facilities from the SS1-V series (an FNC series rifle and carbine) to the SS2-V series, which is an indigenous design having about 8 models available. SS2 are piston-operated and have many features that guarantee reliability. Pindad also makes the SM2-V1 (MAG-58) and the SMB-1 (M2HB), as well as a line of well-developed sniper rifles. The newest additions are a 9×19 mm submachine gun called the PM2-V1 and a suppressed version, the PM2-K2. Pindad’s booth was one of the busiest at the show and not just with the local military. www.pindad.com

Komodo Armament of Jawat Barat, Indonesia, is a local manufacturer and factory representative. They had an extensive display, and this included Tanfoglio’s new TCMP machine pistol, in 9×21 mm.

Rippel Effect’s twin six-shot 40×46 mm grenade launchers always draw a crowd, and in this case, was used to show the 4th generation of Rippel launchers. These launchers not only fire the 40×46 mm low velocity, but are designed to fire the 40×51 mm medium range ammunition extending the launcher’s effective range to 600+ meters. www.rippeleffect.co.za

One of the biggest failings in the RPG-7 system comes from the smorgasbord of new grenades that are out there and the sighting system which dates back to the 1960s. There are new weights, velocities and ranges and sighting them is very different. There have been some very complex attempts to resolve this, but Arsenal JSCo of Bulgaria has found a quick and very accurate solution, with one optic. The operator dials in the round he’s using on the SGL-7MAO optic, and the reticle provides for proper trajectory calculation. Arsenal’s PG-7 series rounds are well known for quality, and this sight makes training much faster. www.arsenal-bg.com

Aimpoint presented their 3rd generation MPS-3 heavy weapons sight, shown here on an M2HB .50 caliber machine gun. SADJ has used this passive electronic reflex collimator sight on M2HB and M240 machine guns and found it to be robust, and with the 2 MOW dot size it doesn’t lose targeting at longer distances. www.aimpoint.com

Profense LLC’s M134 minigun gets a big thumb’s up from Indonesian military- and Profense President David Messersmith. The Profense M134 was a big crowd pleaser, and their agent had a GAU-19A set up showing rebuild capability. Interestingly, Profense announced what was coming soon; the PF50 .50 BMG Chaingun. It’s 60 inches long, 4.95 inches wide, 8.85 inches in height, the cases eject forward, uses M9 links, and fires at 450-550 RPM with a burst limiter. www.profense.com

In the Second World War Argentina was officially neutral. However, from the beginning, the government was sympathetic with the German Reich and its allies. In 1943 the conservative government tried to change their course and get on the side of Germany’s successful war opponents, but a military coup, with the participation of Juan Domingo Perón, prevented this change of direction. Only after massive pressure from the US government, Argentina declared war on the German Reich and Japan on March 27, 1945. It was the last country in the world to do so.

In June 1945 Argentina became a founding member of the United Nations (UN). A year later, Juan Perón won the presidential election. Thanks to forced industrialization, the country underwent an economic boom and a rising level of prosperity for the working class under his government. At this time the Argentine military was already pursuing ambitious plans, especially plans that provided the development of new weapons in their own country as well as the entry into nuclear technology. Like the victorious nations of World War II, Argentina tried to attract German armament experts and scientists.

During the war, the Fábrica Militar de Armas Portátiles “Domingo Matheu” (FMAP DM), founded in 1936, had begun with the licensed production of the Colt M1911A1 automatic pistol in caliber .45 ACP as the “Modelo Argentino 1927.” In October 1942 the expanding factory was moved from Buenos Aires to Rosaria, a town located about 300 km away in the province of Santa Fe. At the beginning of the 1950s, the company acquired additional rights for a licensed production of the American M3A1 submachine gun–better known as the “Grease Gun.” No details are yet known. It was probably an initiative of the weapons factory to offer the Argentine military a domestic-made submachine gun. Anyway, a demonstration of the M3A1 for a commission of military personnel and civilians took place on October 21, 1950, at the premises of FMAP DM. The guest book of the company lists numerous participants but without indicating their function and the reason for their invitation: Tte.Cnel. Pedro Alberto Merreins, Cap.Frag. José Maria Guzmán, Mayor Arnoldo Lutteral, Mayor Carlos Alberto Croce, Mayor Adolfo Ulises Senté, Capitán Jorge Granzinotti, Tte. de Navío Jorge F.D. Plater, Tte. 1° Humberto Juan Pizzi, Comandante Raúl A. Brollo, Sub.Of.May. Ricardo Gómez Costa, Of.Sub-Inspector Herminio M. Subleino, Sub.Comisario Nicolás Damis und Gabino Castalli.

There was no support or information sharing for this project from the side of the United States. Nevertheless, within a few weeks construction, drawings were completed under the direction of the Italian weapons designer Eduardo Sustercic from Cremona. The new weapon in caliber 9 x 19 mm Parabellum was named “Pistola Ametralladora P.A.M.1.” In contrast to the Chinese version, the Argentine weapon has not been designed for using 9mm Sten magazines. Instead the Grease Gun’s magazine was copied and kept slightly narrower. The weapon itself measures approximately 7/8th of the original M3A1.

After the completion of the construction drawings, progress went on very slowly. Setting up the manufacturing facility proved to be troublesome. Shortages in qualified staff and space delayed the start of series production until 1954. This was mainly caused by the factory continuing the production of the Colt 1911 copy Modelo Argentino in 1927.

Since the PAM 1 featured the same insufficient safety as its American example (blocking of the bolt by a hook-shaped nose attached to the dust-cover), it had similar accidents caused by dropping the weapon hard on the ground. The problem was solved by adding a grip safety behind the magazine well, similar to the Danish Madsen Model MP 1950. The elongated locking lever reaches into the housing, where it is connected to a spring-loaded locking catch. Only after pressing the safety lever, can the bolt be released. This improved model was named “Pistola Ametralladora P.A.M.2.”

So far the following production figures and notes have been discovered:

1954- production of 5,000 PAM 1
1955- production of 3,500 PAM 1
1956- production of 6,500 PAM 1
1957- production of 5,621 PAM 1 (preparations for serial production of the FAL assault rifle)
1958- production of 6,851 PAM 1
1959- production of 5,000 PAM 1
1960- production of 164 PAM 1
1961- production of 2,000 PAM 1
1962- no production of PAM 1 (begin of serial production of the FAL assault rifle)
1963- conversion of 3,786 PAM 1 to PAM 2 (stored weapons from the arsenals)
1964- conversion of 5,292 PAM 1 to PAM 2 (stored weapons of the Navy)
1965- conversion of 5,754 PAM 1 to PAM 2 (planned but only 4.987 weapons received and 4,504 converted)
1966- conversion of 2,840 PAM 1 to PAM 2, plus additional production of conversion-kits for 3,847 weapons
1967- no activity
1968- conversion of 66 PAM 1 to PAM 2
1969- production of 1,100 PAM 2
1970- end of production of PAM 2 and begin serial production of the new “PA 3(DM)” submachine gun
1971- no activity
1972- conversion of 56 PAM 1 to PAM 2.

Thus, the total production was at least 34,636 PAM 1, of which 16,544 weapons were subsequently converted to the model PAM 2. Only 1,100 weapons left the production line already as PAM 2.

The introduction of the submachine gun PA 3(DM) as the “FMK-3” ushered in the end of the PAM 2. This new compact weapon was developed in the late 1960s by the Fábrica Militar de Armas Portátiles “Domingo Matheu” as a possible successor. With its magazine well-integrated in the pistol-grip and the tubular housing, it resembles the Czech submachine gun SA vz. 23. Approximately 30,000 weapons were produced until 1991. However, the PAM 2 remained in active service for many years and was also used in the battle of the Falkland Islands (Guerra de las Malvinas) from April to June 1982. In the 1990s many PAMs were withdrawn from service and sold on the civilian market. Most of them converted to semi-automatic, because very few registered collectors were allowed to acquire such a weapon in full-auto.

In the US, there has been little SMG development. Perhaps Quarter Circle 10 has done the most in this area in recent times. However, at the time SIG Sauer in the US was working on a requirement-driven program for a suppressed 300 Blackout rifle called the MCX. The MCX is quite modular in nature. The upper receiver is a single 6061 T6 aluminum extrusion with a removable handguard. The handguard is locked in place by the front pivot pin and comes in different lengths (short and long) which are determined by the barrel length desired. The barrel itself is held in place by a set screw clamping mechanism and allows with the turn of two bolts to remove the barrel assembly. The barrel assembly consists of the barrel, gas block, gas valve and short stroke piston as well as flash suppressor/suppressor mount. Although developed for the .300 Blackout cartridge it was soon adapted to a 5.56 mm barrel as well. The bolt is a standard AR15 bolt with a half length bolt carrier. The cam track is the same as any AR15. No buffer or buffer springs are used. Instead dual action springs are mounted to the bolt carrier group. This enables the rifle to function with or without a stock. The action springs are inside the receiver.

Development of the new Sig 9mm MPX began in 2012 around the same time as the MCX. SIG has released several models of the MPX, but engineering and development continue to widen the capability and diversity of the MPX system. According to SIG, the MPX was developed as an individual program based on the needs of various military customers. As time went on, both the MCX and MPX began to merge together as a sort of big brother/ little brother family of weapons. SIG felt that they could apply this to a pistol caliber as well. So they did and the MPX was born. The MPX is very similar in features to that of the MCX.

The lower receiver is made from a 7075 T6 aluminum forging. It takes a standard AR-type trigger group; however is not recommended due to the higher impulse of the gun. The trigger group is designed as a “trigger bridge” that protects the disconnector from the hammer striking it and reduces trigger slap, making the shooting experience more enjoyable to the end user. SIG claims using other trigger groups will not void their warranty, but SIG will not replace after market trigger group components. The factory trigger broke right at 8.5 pounds. The selector lever and magazine release are ambidextrous. The ambidextrous bolt catch is quite convenient and easy to operate. There are five different stock variations which attach to the lower receiver via Mil-Std-1913 on the rear of the receiver. The first and most common is a telescopic stock similar to that of an MP5. There is a button on the top of the rear of the stock, and it has three positions. The second is a side folding stock that folds to the left. This is standard on the MCX. The third is a folding M4-type receiver extension which will accept any AR15/M16/M4 type stock. The fourth is a telescopic side folding stock. The fifth is a side folding pistol brace. The magazine well is not a converted 5.56 mm magazine well but designed specifically for their new magazine. There are gripping grooves on the front of the magazine as well.

The magazine was redesigned from the start. The standard Colt-type/UZI 9 mm magazine is durable and reliable. However it has some issues. First is it is extremely difficult to load. Especially when you get down to the last 10 or so rounds. To load comfortably you would need to use one of the MagLula loading tools. Second is if you drop the magazine it may very well unload itself. The new magazine was co-developed with Lancer Systems. It is manufactured from translucent polymer with steel feed lips. The magazine has a curved profile also similar to that of the MP5. The magazine is easy and comfortable to load. The magazine comes standard in 30 round capacity but is also offered in 20-round capacity variation as well. Although the magazine is manufactured by Lancer, it can only be purchased through SIG. This magazine was drop tested loaded, and the author did not experience any issues with the magazine breaking or cartridges flying out when dropped. Lancer is known for making some of the finest and most proven magazines in the industry. They know what mil-spec testing is and have had years of experience making some of the most durable magazines in the world.

Close up view of the right side of the receivers of the MPX. Notice the ambidextrous safety and bolt catch. This carbine is also equipped with a AR15-type ejection port dust cover. Also notice the translucent magazine manufactured by Lancer Systems.

The charging handle is quite unique as well. It is “T”-shaped like a standard M16/M4-type but is not compatible. The charging handle is fully ambidextrous with latches on both the right and left side. It is quite comfortable and easy to use.

The provided test and evaluation MPX was equipped with an 8-inch barrel. The muzzle device was a birdcage-style flash suppressor. The barrel is nitride (FNC) finish and has six lands and grooves, right one turn in 10-inch twist. Barrel lengths are available from 8 and 16 inches in length. According to SIG, the customers may expect 4.5 and 6.5 inch barrels in the second quarter of 2016. The barrels are manufactured in 9×19 mm, .40 and .357 SIG but as of this writing, the .40 and .357 SIG barrels are not yet in production. The barrel assembly has the barrel, gas block, short stroke piston assembly and barrel extension. It will also have a flash suppressor mounted to the barrel.

One of the truly unique features of the MPX is that the barrel is easily removed from the upper receiver and changed out. You can change out barrel lengths! As previously stated the MPX is offered in 9×19 mm, .357 SIG and .40 caliber using the exact same upper receiver. So you will be able to swap calibers as well. You only need to change the barrel, bolt (.357 and .40 are same bolt) and magazine (.357 and .40 cal same mag). This author’s initial concern is that the pressures of the .357 and .40 caliber rounds are greater than the 9 mm and how the MPX would hold up. According to SIG, they claim they have reinforced the receivers where needed, and the recoil system is stout enough to handle the extra push. On the same note, I asked the question if the MPX is +P and +P+ rated. They said “absolutely. Keep in mind these are hot loads, and parts life should be expected to be lower if this is the primary ammunition.”

The bolt carrier group is very similar to the MCX. Unlike most 9mm-type carbines and SMGs, the MPX uses a short stroke tappet piston rotating bolt locking mechanism rather than a blowback operated mechanism. According to SIG, they feel safety is their #1 priority. They felt a rotating bolt provides better safety compared to the traditional blow back mechanism. If over pressurization happens within the chamber or bore of the firearm the operator would be much safer. Looking at the assembly, the bolt carrier has dual recoil springs. The bolt rotates by use of the same cam pin design of the standard M16/M4. There is a metal insert in the receiver to protect the aluminum from coming in contact with the head of the cam pin during the unlocking/recoiling phase of the cycle of operations. Normally one will see some gouging in the aluminum right behind the cam notch inside the upper receiver. This steel insert prevents this. There is no firing spring used like in the standard M16-type 9 mm carbine or SMG. Due to the rotating bolt it is not necessary like on the blowback-operated mechanism. The bolt carrier comes apart identical to the standard M16 utilizing a firing pin retainer pin, firing pin, cam pin, extractor pin, extractor and bolt.

Notice the ambidextrous charging handle. The stock has two positions; The button located behind the charging handle is depressed to unlock the telescopic stock assembly.

For an optic, the Aimpoint Micro T-1 2MOA red dot site was chosen. This is a compact version of the military combat proven Comp4. With the mount with which it was supplied there was complete co-witness with the iron sights due to the Micro Spacer High mount. The sight is powered by a CR2032 battery. The intensity of the dot has 12 positions. The optic has a 1x magnification. The aiming dot size can be 2 or 4 MOA. The battery life is about 5 years if left on continuously in setting 8. The sight weighs only 3.7 ounces with a length of 2 7/16 inches and a width of 1.9/16 inches. The sight is manufactured from high strength aluminum. The sight has 4four night vision compatible settings.

Around the same time the MPX arrived, so did some of the new SIG Elite Performance Ammunition. SIG has announced and began shipping a whole line of target and high performance hollow point ammunition in an array of pistol calibers. The SIG V-Crown™ JHP is offered in .380 Auto, 9 mm Luger, .357 SIG, .38 Super +P, .38 Special +P, .357 Magnum, .40 S&W, 10 mm, .45 Auto, .44 S&W Special, .44 Magnum and .45 Long Colt. This is a high performance hollow point . The 9 mm Luger tested was loaded with a .124gr projectile. When the projectile expands it has a similar look to the older PMC Starfire projectile. The cartridge case is nickel plated for increased reliable feeding. The velocity is 1189 feet per second on this cartridge. Sigs target line is called SIG FMJ which are currently available in 380 Auto, 9 mm Luger, .357 SIG, .38 Super +P, .38 Special +P, .357 Magnum, .40 S&W, 10 mm (full powered load) and .45 Auto. Received was 100 rounds of the 9 mm SIG full metal jacket which is a .115 gr full metal jacket round nose with a muzzle velocity of 1185 feet per second. The brass has a SIG headstamp on it. The ammunition is clean and spotless. I received another 100 rounds of this ammunition. Additionally 300 rounds of Black Hills Ammunition 9 mm 115gr full metal jacket ammunition.

The Sig Sauer MPX field stripped for cleaning. The Sig MCX and MPX come apart identically. Notice how the stock is attached by Mil-Std-1913 rail. No tools needed for disassembly.

SADJ is a regular at this show. The Peruvian military groups have diverse needs from high-mountain terrain to their long ocean coast; so the needs of the customers tend to draw a lot of interesting vendors and attendees.

Scaled model of the Japanese Ambassador’s residence, which had to be built and used for training to plan the attack to free the hostages.

On 17 December 1996, 14 members of the revolutionary group MRTA raided a party at the Japanese Ambassador to Peru’s residence (not the embassy) and took hundreds of diplomats, military and government officials as their hostages. They demanded freedom for some of their guerilla comrades imprisoned for criminal acts, as well as social changes and some other things. This event propelled the MRTA and their attack to the forefront of the world media. For 126 days, the MRTA held a group of very important people hostage, having released many they did not feel were “useful” to their cause early on in the crisis.

On 22 April 1997 special teams totaling 140 Peruvian Commandos executed a well-planned attack on the residence and freed the hostages. One hostage died, two commandos died, and all of the MRTA militants were killed. This event is hailed as a very successful operation by the Peruvian Special Forces and is commemorated by the display at SITDEF.

Weapons and other items captured from the MRTA guerillas were on display at SITDEF, and SADJ thought that a close look at the weapons might be enlightening. Rumor has it that the Special Forces used the brand new—at the time—FN P90 during the raid, but no evidence can be found of that.

DS Arms is well known in South American countries, attributable to their innovations on the FAL series of rifles. In this photo, two of their other specialties—a modernized RPD and DS Arms’ M4. Top: DS Arms RPD Carbine fires at 550 rpm, shown here with the 50-round Sawbag adapter. Bottom: ZM4 rifle in .300 Blackout.

As mentioned, the DS Arms line of rifles has reached prominence in South America largely due to their 7.52x51-mm FAL products. Top: 18-inch FAL with Vltor Forend, short gas system and 30-round DSA curved magazine modified from the L4 (Bren). Middle: the SA58 19-inch barrel with DSA 40 mm M203. Bottom: SPR-SASS from the trials in Desert Tiger camo.

Steyr Mannlicher’s display was fairly inclusive of their new products. The classic bullpup Steyr AUG is laying on the table to the right, while the HS .50 M1 sniper rifle is to the left, with the SSG08 in the center. The SSG08 can be obtained in .308 Winchester (7.62x51 mm), .300 Win Mag or .338 Lapua Magnum.

Steyr’s GL40 40x46 under-barrel grenade launcher, pivots to the left side, allowing any type of the 40x46-mm low-velocity grenades to be used. With an overall length of 10.6 inches, and a barrel of 7.1 inches, it is very compact and can mount on the Steyr AUG series as well as others with a rail adapter. There is also a standalone stock for firing.

NIVISIS (Night Vision Systems) shared a booth with US Ordnance and displayed their latest products. Left to right: MUM-14 with dual bridge, PVS-7, PVS-14, UTAC-32IL Thermal Long Range, TAG-32E Thermal-Extended Range.

US Ordnance is a regular at the SITDEF show, and they have had some success with the Peruvian military. Here, the M60E6 is on display in front of the M60D (enhanced). The Danish Army adopted the M60E6, and it is a very reliable 7.62x5-mm machine gun. In the background, US Ordnance’s M240D, M240 (Tank) and M240B can be seen on display.

FN Herstal is another show regular at SITDEF. Here, they have the FN Minimi 5.56 MK3 at top and the FN Minimi 7.62 MK3 on the lower shelf. Both tried and true standby machine guns.

Instalaza of Spain is well known to arms users in South America, and they had a number of innovations to show. The two updated shoulder-fired rocket systems here are the disposable 90-mm C90-CR-RB (M3) to the rear, which is the anti-tank version of the M3, with armor penetration to 400 mm and point accuracy to 350 meters; and to the front is the popular 100-mm Alcotán-100 (M2) which has a range of 600 meters for point accuracy, and when combined with the VOSUL opto-electronic system, has night vision capability and much longer range.

The FTV barrel-launched rifle grenade, shown here with the red flip-up sight and plastic belt case, comes from Instalaza as either armor-piercing (shown) or anti-personnel. These are for 5.56x45-mm rifles with the NATO standard 22-mm barrel mount system.

Hand-thrown grenades are a specialty of Instalaza. The two main products are the Alhambra, which is strictly a defensive grenade (meaning it has fragmentation), and the Alhambra D/O which is Defensive/Offensive. This is accomplished by having a grenade that is Offensive—no fragmentation—and an outer sheath that can be installed quickly to add a fragmentation band—shown to the rear right in the photo.

FN Herstal is another show regular at SITDEF. Here, they have the FN Minimi 5.56 MK3 at top and the FN Minimi 7.62 MK3 on the lower shelf. Both tried and true standby machine guns.

On family day, thousands of Peruvian families, many of them relatives of service members, attend the show. Here, a potential future soldier exhibits a wide grin as the Special Forces soldiers set him behind a CIS40; a 40x53-mm Automatic Grenade Launcher from ST Kinetics of Singapore. This AGL appears to have been adapted to the mount for a recoilless rifle.

Top AK: AKMS underfolder attributed to “Camarada Alex;” Artemo Rosque. Middle AKS-Milled receiver AK47 underfolder attributed to “Camarada Cynthia;” Herma Luz Melendez Cueva. AKMS underfolder attributed to “Camarada Arabe;” Roli Rojas Fernandez. On the bottom of the shelf are a WWII British Sten MKV 9x19-mm submachine gun, a US M1928A1 Thompson .45acp submachine gun with 50-round drum, and in the back, an RPG-7 missing its heat shields. Most of the markings on the firearms have been obliterated or painted over so it is difficult to attribute exact manufacturers and dates to these.

One of the attackers used this Uzi Submachine gun. However, looking at the markings, it can be seen that this was a semi-automatic imported into the US by Action Arms. How it got into the hands of the MRTA is unknown. The barrel was cropped, and it was converted to fully automatic.

US Army light infantry units are to be equipped with the Saab 84 mm Carl-Gustaf M3 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Personnel Weapon System (MAAWS) as a standard issue tactical support weapon. Originally, issue of the M3 in US service was restricted to US Special Operations Command (SOCOM); beginning with the Army Rangers in 1989, the US Navy SEALS in 1997 and later the rest of the US Special Operations Forces.

The M3 is now officially an organic weapon system within each army combat platoon and will initially be fielded within selected Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs), which will now train, maintain and sustain the M3 as part of the IBCT organizational structure. Going forward, all brigade combat teams will receive 27 Carl-Gustaf launchers, about one per platoon. Select army active duty and National Guard components have already begun receiving the M3 MAAWS. PM CSW is also conducting an FCT on the lighter weight Carl-Gustaf M3E1 for SOCOM and the US Army. (Carl-Gustaf M3E1 is the US designation for the CG4-version.)

Location: Mazar E Sharif in Afghanistan, a Norwegian ISAF soldier firing a Carl-Gustaf 84 mm. The blast radius stemming from a High Explosive round is anywhere from 50 to 75 meters. The gunner and assistant gunner can fire and reload up to 6 rpm (depending on crew skills capability). Effective range: 150 meters against tanks, 700 meters against stationary targets, M3 also: 1 000 meters against stationary targets with rocket-boosted ammunition. (Photo: Torbjørn Kjosvold/Forsvarets mediesenter)

The Carl-Gustaf system is a true multi-role, man-portable, shoulder-fired weapon. A weapon’s multi-role capacity can mean the difference between combat success and failure. The system offers the soldier various types of ammunition, ranging from armor penetration and anti-personnel, area defense munition for short range combat, to ammunition for built-up areas like High Explosive Dual Purpose against light-armored vehicles, concrete and brick walls, field fortifications and bunkers as well as special ammunition like smoke and illumination. Saab’s new Carl-Gustaf M4 is a man-portable, multi-role weapon system that provides high tactical flexibility through its wide range of ammunition types. Built for 21st-century warfare, the Carl-Gustaf M4 launcher is lighter and shorter than previous models.

Soldiers from Telemark battalion moves in heavy snow. The heaviest burden is the carried ammunition. It’s a point to hit with each round in order to have need less for rounds. (Photo: Torbjørn Kjosvold/ Forsvarets mediesenter)

The first prototype of the Carl-Gustaf was produced in 1946. The Carl-Gustaf (also known as Gustaf Bazooka and M2CG) was an 84-mm man-portable, reusable anti-tank recoilless rifle. The weapon was first introduced into Swedish service in 1948 as the 8.4 cm Granatgevär m/48 (Grg m/48), also filling the role as an anti-tank weapon. The Carl-Gustaf “artillery” system is also known as a multi-purpose, shoulder-fired recoilless weapon or “84 mm Carl-Gustaf Recoilless Rifle.” An improved version designated the Carl-Gustaf M2 was introduced in 1964 and quickly replaced the original version . The current M3 version was introduced in 1991, using a thin steel liner containing the rifling, strengthened by a carbon fiber outer sleeve. External steel parts were replaced with aluminum alloys or plastics, reducing the empty weapon weight considerably to 10 kilo compared to the M1’s weight of 14 kilo, although the M3 still is perceived as quite heavy by many users. It is today more accurate to refer to Carl-Gustaf as a shoulder-launched multi-role weapon.

This enables the Carl Gustaf gunner to program or 'communicate with' the new High-explosive grenade and future 84 mm smart munitions via the sight, to accurately deliver the desired effects to target. This future synergy between the round, the system and the individual is one of the next decisive strategic steps for forward-thinking militaries to take. To be part of this trend, Saab has designed the CGM4 to feature open compatibility with a range of intelligent sights, ensuring that the system remains on the cutting-edge of military technological innovation. Saab will likely qualify an off-the-shelf smart sight for the M4 - possibly the Aimpoint FCS12 (which is currently used by the Swedish Army on their M3) - to be able to offer a system-ready solution to customers. (Photo: Saab Dynamics)

Carl-Gustaf M3 is now used by more than 40 countries, across every continent. Its users cite its continuous evolution as one of the prime reasons it has remained so innovative and effective to this day. Several versions of the Carl-Gustaf are produced outside Sweden; however, as described before, the ammunition is interchangeable among the variants. The current M3 version has a thin steel liner containing the rifling, strengthened by a carbon fiber outer sleeve. External steel parts were replaced with aluminum alloys or plastics, reducing the empty weapon weight considerably. The gun is breech-loaded and can be fired from the standing, kneeling, sitting or prone positions. A built-in detachable bipod helps the shooter raise the weapon off the ground while shooting from the prone position. The propellant gas escapes through the rear of the weapon, which equalizes the force of recoil. Normally, the weapon is operated by a two man team, the gunner firing the weapon and the assistant gunner carrying ammo and handling reloads, but it can be used solo by the gunner if needed. The blast radius stemming from a High Explosive round is anywhere from 50 to 75 meters. After firing, the assistant gunner reloads it, and it can be fired again. Each round of ammunition weighs less than 4.5 kg. The user can usually load and fire four rounds within one minute.

The weapon has been used in a variety of roles. The Carl-Gustaf has, for example, been used in the Falklands War. The M3 was the first version the Americans fielded for use by US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) elements—including US Army Rangers in 1989 and Navy SEALs in 1997—as a replacement for the aging M67 series of 90 mm recoilless rifle or as a battlefield substitute for the Javelin anti-tank missile. The British Special Air Service (SAS), United States Army Special Forces and United States Army Rangers have used M3s in anti-vehicle roles and bunker-busting against Taliban defensive fortifications in operations in Afghanistan where the M3 proved vital for mounting counter offensives. It has also been used in some other fighting scenarios elsewhere in the world. In November 2011, the US Army began ordering the M3 for regular units deployed in Afghanistan. And the Carl-Gustaf M3 allows airburst capability of troops in defilade out to 1,250 meters and high explosive use out to 1,300 meters. Designated by the US as the M3 Multi-Role Anti-Armor Anti-Tank Weapon System (MAAWS), the weapon was subsequently adopted to meet the needs of a broader slice of US Army infantry units in 2011 and 2012. US Army sources credit the M3 MAAWS with an ability to engage lightly armored targets at ranges up to 700 meters and softer targets at up to 1,000 meters, with the possibility of reaching some target types at extreme ranges out to 1,700 meters when using a fire control system. While the weapon can be operated by one person it is better to have two—one to fire the gun and the other, the gunner assistant, to carry and load the ammunition. In addition to its antitank role, the weapon can be used as part of an illumination plan, to provide smoke or for bunker busting.

Leebanon, Norwegian UN-soldiers at post - Calm but vigilant. Here with Carl-Gustaf 84 mm and plenty of rounds. Strict rules of engagement: ”The force will be provided with weapons of a defensive character. It shall not be used force except in self-defence. Self-defence would include resistance to attempts by forceful means to prevent it from discharging its duties under the mandat of the Security Council.” (Photo: Forsvaret)

Saab’s model designation for the newest is Carl-Gustaf M4. In September 2015, during DSEI in London, Saab announced the first customer of the new Carl-Gustaf M4 will be the armed forces of the Slovak Republic which was a great milestone for Saab and the product family. In addition, Saab also announced that the system has been acquired by two other undisclosed countries for evaluation/qualification purposes.

The M4 model, which is an upgraded version of Saab’s combat-proven Carl-Gustaf M3, is designed to provide users with flexible capability and agility in any scenario. It is lighter and has a shorter design than its predecessor. The shorter length was in response to the need to wield the weapon in urban terrain; weight savings were achieved through using lighter components whenever possible by switching the steel components to titanium and improving the carbon fiber wrapping as well as a new bold design. Its operational flexibility and high accuracy offer a truly powerful combination, and the recoil force is as close to recoilless as one can get a weapon. Weighing less than 7 kg, the Carl-Gustaf M4 looks familiar to anyone acquainted with the earlier versions and is claimed to be the logical next step for users who already have experience with the Carl-Gustaf M3 system.

The HEAT 655 CS (CS, Confined Space) is the first Carl-Gustaf ammunition that is fully optimized for launch from confined spaces, i.e. from inside a building. This is an important requirement in modern, urban conflicts. (Photo: Saab Dynamics)

The engineers at Saab have put much thought on ergonomics in order to make it a better weapon to operate for the soldier. Among other things the weapon has better adjustment possibilities for the shoulder rest and forward hand grip so that it easily can be accommodated all from the shortest to the tallest soldier and thereby able to place himself into a good firing position. All Carl-Gustaf versions have open aiming sights icons. The weapon has a flip out fore-sight and a rear sight with four different range scales on. Both front and rear sights are fitted with illuminated dots for night operation. There is a new remote control for an advanced sight unit that is linked with the use of munitions that are programmable, which increases hit probability and hence impacts effect. With the remote control, the gunner controls the sight’s functions without taking his eyes off the ocular and thus maintains control on the target. The advanced sight has an interface box which connects the loaded grenade via a contact in the breech. The advanced sight (nicknamed “Intelligent”) automatically knows what ammunition is loaded and also senses the propellant temperature automatically. The idea behind the state-of-art system was to have a method that reduces the weapon system’s weight if one looks at the amount of ammunition needed for neutralizing a target.

The 84 mm MT 756 (Multi Target) is designed for combat in built-up areas and for incapacitating an enemy under cover inside a building or some type of fortification. When using an MT 756 the gunner does not need to fire it through a window or a door. The grenade with its tandem charge makes its own hole in the wall and detonates behind the wall. (Photo: Aud Håland)

There is more to mention on the new weapon. When it comes to ergonomics, the M4 has a bigger carrying handle with space for finding the right grip. With the lengthened handle, the soldier can easily hold the weapon when he walks with the weapon loaded. That’s new. Different munitions have different point of gravity, and the soldier can easily move his hand on the handle to find the balance of the loaded weapon. There are many small details that should make the users quite happy when it comes to the M4 version. If the gunner uses the standard telescope sight, or a reflex sight is chosen as a standard sight, the range must be determined and set in some way. However, there are a number of sights that are qualified for the M4 family including the advanced sight from Aimpoint. But Saab has also looked at options for customers’ needs and can offer some sights that fit well. The weapon has a Picatinny rail (MIL-STD-1913) a laser rangefinder can be mounted. Why is the Aimpoint’s advanced sight really an “intelligent sight?” The idea behind this sight, although the sight unit is “intelligent” or advanced in terms of its inside content, is that from the gunner’s perspective, it shall be easy or easier to use. The sight has an integrated built in rangefinder, and it is used as follows: Aim at the target, measure the distance; aim the red dot on the middle of the target and fire. Both range and chosen ammunition type is visible indicated in the ocular. Used on the M4, the sight automatically knows what ammunition is loaded and also senses the propellant temperature automatically (no need as with the telescopic sight to insert the distance manually and then select the appropriate ballistics and calculate corrections as needed when used on M3). The advanced sight makes the work easier (what’s to be done sits inside the capsule of the sight). It was and is an important criteria for Saab’s policy on this particular weapon: Make it simpler and enable the gunner to hit with the first round fired.

The 84 mm HE 441D (High Explosive) can be set for impact or air burst detonation for combating troops in the open, behind cover, or in trenches as well as unarmored vehicles and similar types of targets. On this new HE- grenade with the fuze is set automatically by the advanced sight when the gunner aims at the target and uses the laser for range finding or puts the range data manually into the sight. The grenade will then get a computed ballistic flight with time setting for detonation effect at right range and at right height. The new grenade has a much more effective warhead than the old one. (Photo: Aud Håland)

Furthermore, there is ammunition called anti-structure ammunition MT 756 for the Carl-Gustaf. This is a multi-target grenade designed for combat in built-up areas and for incapacitating an enemy undercover inside a building or some type of fortification. The gunner does not need to fire the round through a window or a door. The MT 756 has tandem warheads. The first warhead in full caliber breaks a hole in a wall to get the second charge through. It also has a certain shaped charge effect with effect against lighter armored combat vehicles. The anti-structure ASM 509 round fired through a window or a door has a greater pressure effect inside a building. If, for example, the intended effect is to tear down a smaller building, the difference between these two grenades is that if one has go into the building afterward, one must choose the MT 756. A round fired with the ASM 509 gives a risk that the explosion has damaged the structure of the building. Then soldiers going into the building afterward would be at risk. For combating troops in the open, behind cover or in slit trenches as well as unarmored vehicles and similar types of targets, the 84 mm HE 441D (High Explosive) can be set for impact or air burst detonation. It has a range of approximately 1,200–1,300 m depending on whether it’s fired with impact mode (“point detonating”) or the fuze is set for air burst. The fuze setting is made manually.

As mentioned earlier, Saab is developing the next generation HE-grenade for an 84 mm tube (the expendable AT4). On this new HE-grenade with the AT 4 or the Carl-Gustaf M4 the fuze is set automatically by the advanced sight when the gunner aims at the target and uses the laser for range finding or puts the range data manually into the sight. The grenade will then get a computed ballistic flight with time setting for detonation effect at right range and at right height. The new grenade has a much more effective warhead than the old one. Sweden has a policy according to the shooting rules for the Carl-Gustaf M3 that in order to neutralize a target effectively, the target normally must be shot at with three grenades. With the new HE- grenade it will do it with one or two rounds. This also results in a weight reduction for squads carrying ammunition to execute a combat task. All this, to put it this way, is about reducing weight. In the ammunition range there is also an area defense munition for short-range combat; for example, in urban warfare or in tight conditions of a jungle, the ADM 401 contains 1,100 flechettes (small-pointed steel projectiles). For instant smoke the grenade 469C instantly develops an effective smoke cloud for screening, blinding and spotting targets. An 84 mm ILLUM round enables fighting units to supply their own battlefield illumination. The 84 mm ILLUM 545C round will rapidly illuminate target areas, making it easier for ground forces to complete their mission. Lastly, there are full-caliber practice rounds, sub-caliber trainers and simulators available to meet different training objectives such as gunnery training and combat training, including participating in force-on-force exercises.

Aimpoint FCS12

The advanced Aimpoint FCS12 is a sight and fire control system for use with multiple weapon platforms like the 84 mm Carl-Gustaf weapon system, the AT4 84 mm disposable single-soldier-operated support weapon, the Panzerfaust infantry handheld anti-tank weapon and automatic grenade launchers. The FCS12 system comprises an eye-safe 1,550 nm laser range finder, a ballistic computer with the capability to store up to 50 different ballistic algorithms and a parallax free optical channel with unlimited eye relief. Terrain angle compensation is measured by an integrated inclinometer. The FCS12 automatically compensates for the ballistic drop of projectiles at measured distances, factoring in variables such as rotational (spin) drift, propellant temperature and terrain angle. The design is small and rugged. The rear of the sight has an interface with push buttons for settings. FCS12 has compatibility with all generations of night vision devices. Its power supply consists of quick-change battery power packs containing six standard AA batteries (Alkaline or Lithium). The battery pack will last for 6 months operation for more than 200 combat sequences. FCS12 implies a dramatic increase in hit probability and reduces time used for engagement, which in turn raises the overall effectiveness of the weapon system considerably. Despite the advanced technology and inside complexity of the product, operation in a combat situation is extremely user friendly and intuitive. In most cases, the operator only needs to push one button before pulling the trigger of the weapon. As mentioned earlier, the FCS12 automatically compensates for the ballistic drop of projectiles at measured distances, factoring in variables such as rotational (spin) drift, propellant temperature and terrain angle. When the distance is measured, the ballistic is calculated and compensated immediately. The aiming red dot reticule changes position in the optical channel electronically, and no motors or sensitive moving parts are used within the system. If ammunition type is changed, the ballistic algorithm is entered and utilized automatically, so no new measuring of the distance is required. The FCS system comes with a remote grip interface which communicates with the sight via a wireless link. The remote grip interface is designed to control the most important functions for operating the system during engagement, allowing the operator to utilize and adjust the system without changing position or losing sight of the target. A short list of up to five different ballistic algorithms (types of ammunition) can be chosen directly from the remote grip interface. The system’s solid-state design ensures reliable operation and sustainability under actual field conditions.

Saab’s business area Dynamics has conducted detailed research and development to provide such a solution for the multi-purpose Carl-Gustaf weapon system. The latest Carl-Gustaf ammunition option further expands Saab’s position as a supplier of modern ground combat weapon systems. Saab is a pioneer in the development and production of confined-space weapons, including the AT4 CS AST and NLAW systems. (Photo: Saab Dynamics)

The lineage of the Carl-Gustaf weapon system begins nearly 70 years ago with the introduction of the original “M1” version into the Swedish Army in 1948. The Carl-Gustaf was soon sold around the world and became one of the primary infantry squad-level anti-tank weapons for many West European armies. The new Carl-Gustaf M4 is a man-portable multi-role weapon system that provides high tactical flexibility through its wide range of ammunition types. Built on almost 70 years’ experience, Saab’s thinking edge has been to make the weapon system better, smarter and lighter. The M4 offers enhanced agility and tactical flexibility allowing military forces to engage multiple tactical targets. The weapon system features improved ergonomics and is equipped with an adjustable shoulder rest and front grip. It is also fitted with an integrated shot counter for enhanced logistics and maintenance and is provided with dual-mode safety features. A crew of two including a gunner and an assistant gunner can operate the system. The Carl-Gustaf M4 system is attached with standard clip-on telescopic sight and open sight front and rear sight. On a Picatinny rail the users can install thermal sights or image intensifiers for combat during the night. Additional sighting systems, including red dot and intelligent sights, can be optionally mounted based on specific needs of the customer. The Aimpoint FCS12 is the optimal sight for the M4 and gives the gunner the ability to hit the bullseye with the first round. The Carl-Gustaf M4 is flexible with a wide range of existing and future ammunition types including anti-armor, anti-structure, multi-role, anti-personnel and support rounds such as smoke and illumination to allow soldiers to rapidly respond to a wide range of ground threats in all environments. The M4 is also compatible with programmable ammunition to provide dismounted soldiers with advanced capability.

“Intelligent” sight­—Compatible with intelligent Sight systems, ensuring maximum effect in any tactical situation. Lighter—Builds upon the success of its predecessor by offering an even shorter length and a weight of less than seven kilos. Round counter—Integrated shot counter for Improved logistics and maintenance .Improved ergonomics—Overall improved ergonomics enables soldiers to adjust the weapon to suit them. Includes an adjustable shoulder rest and front grip Reduced action time—Can be carried safely loaded to enable the gunner to act faster.

The advanced Aimpoint FCS12 is a sight and fire control system for use with multiple weapon platforms like the 84 mm Carl-Gustaf weapon system, the AT4 84 mm disposable single-soldier-operated support weapon, the Panzerfaust infantry handheld anti-tank weapon and automatic grenade launchers.

The M4 retains the M3's reserve flip-up open sight, but Saab is also offering an integrated MIL-STD-1913 Picatinny rail-mounted red dot reflex sight as a reserve sight alternative. The benefit is that soldiers can aim the weapon in darkness wearing night-vision goggles, without requiring a bulky separate sight. If the gunner uses the standard telescope sight or a reflex sight is chosen as a standard sight, the range must be determined and set in some way. However there are a number of sights that are qualified for the M4 family included the advanced sight, from Aimpoint. But Saab has also looked at options for customers' needs and can offer some sights that fit well. (Photo: Saab Dynamics)

The Carl-Gustaf system is a true multi-role, man-portable, shoulder-fired weapon. A weapon’s multi-role capacity can mean the difference between combat success and failure.